Final Chemistry Notebook

9 p+ to complete 9 p + Protons are identical in 10 n octet add 1 10 n the
atom and ion.
9 e- electron 10 e- Negative charge is
10 charge - 1 charge
caused by excess
electrons *
The "ide" ending in the name signifies a simple negative ion.
Summary Principle of Ionic Compounds
An ionic compound is formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal and
the resulting ions have achieved an octet. The protons do not change. Metal atoms in Groups 1-3
lose electrons to non-metal atoms with 5-7 electrons missing in the outer level. Non-metals gain 1-4
electrons to complete an octet.
Octet Rule
Elemental atoms generally lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms in order to achieve the
same electron structure as the nearest rare gas with eight electrons in the outer level.
The proper application of the Octet Rule provides valuable assistance in predicting and explaining
various aspects of chemical formulas.
Introduction to Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is best treated using a simple electrostatic model. The electrostatic model is simply an
application of the charge principles that opposite
charges attract and similar charges repel. An ionic
compound results from the interaction of a positive
and negative ion, such as sodium and chloride in
common salt.
Energy + Metal Atom ---> Metal (+) ion + e-
The IONIC BOND results as a balance between
the force of attraction between opposite plus and
minus charges of the ions and the force of
repulsion between similar negative charges in the
electron clouds. In crystalline compounds this net
balance of forces is called the LATTICE ENERGY.
Lattice energy is the energy released in the
formation of an ionic compound.
DEFINITION: The formation of an IONIC BOND is
the result of the transfer of one or more electrons
from a metal onto a nonmetal.
Metals, with only a few electrons in the outer
energy level, tend to lose electrons most readily.
The energy required to remove an electron from a
neutral atom is called the IONIZATION
POTENTIAL.
62