atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 10.2020

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atw Vol. 65 (2020) | Issue 10 ı October ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 496 the grid by 2050. The aim is to become less dependent on coal. In addition, the rapidly growing population requires more and more electric power. In Finland, preparations are under way for the construction of another nuclear power plant. The country wants to reduce its dependence on Russian electricity supplies. At the beginning of 2008, the British government decided to replace nuclear power plants that had already been in operation for a long time with new ones. The UK is therefore currently planning to build a good 16 GWe of new nuclear capacity at eight already selected sites. This would double the NE electricity share from around 20 percent today to over 40 percent. This approach is explicitly intended to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and their environmentally harmful emissions. In 2007, Romania commissioned its newest nuclear power plant ( Cernavoda-2, a Canadian Candu heavy water reactor). The country plans to build two units of the same type with Chinese support over the next few years. | Fig. 7. New construction projects and announcements in Europe (©VGB). * without photovoltaic, oil: no projects. Serious consideration is being given to the construction of new nuclear power plants in Bulgaria and Lithuania. Lithuania is currently without nuclear energy following the decommissioning of its two RBMK reactors, but urgently needs new power plants. The Czech Republic has launched the planned new build project for the Dukovany site and Poland plans to start using nuclear power with the target of building 6 to 9 GWe nuclear installed capacity. Hungary also wants to build new nuclear power plants. It has therefore concluded an agreement with Russia for the construction of two units in 2014 already. Iran commissioned its first nuclear power plant in 2011. The country wants to build more reactors with Russian support. Russian reactors are also to be built in Egypt, which does not currently operate any nuclear power plants. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa are currently preparing to expand their existing nuclear power plant fleets. In Argentina, the country’s third nuclear power plant went on line at the beginning of 2014. Brazil’s third nuclear power China 44 United Kingdom Russia 24 Romania 2 India 14 Uzbekistan 2 Poland 6 Finland 1 Egypt 4 Argentina 1 South Korea 2 4 Bulgaria 1 USA 3 Iran 1 Turkey 2 Japan 1 Ukraine 2 Pakistan 1 Hungary 2 Czech Republic | Tab. 4. Number of planned nuclear reactors worldwide (status mid-2020) [3]. 1 plant is scheduled to start generating electricity in the 20s. As in many other countries, a large number of conventional power plants are still being planned in Europe. This will lead to further CO 2 emissions. If the goal is to achieve a secure power supply, then the only way to prevent them is by using nuclear power plants. Advanced reactors Among the advanced pressurized water reactors (PWR) is the AP1000 (Advanced Passive Plant) with an installed capacity of approx. 1100 MW offered by the US company Westinghouse. Reactors of this type are already in operation in China. Further construction projects are currently underway in the USA. In Belarus, Russia is building the first reactor of its latest Generation III+ series abroad. Three systems of this type are already in operation in Russia, two in Novovoronezh NPP and one in Leningrad NPP. Another reactor of this Generation III+ type became critical in July, the Leningrad NPP Unit 6. Finland, Hungary, Turkey, Bangladesh and Egypt have also chosen this Generation III+ reactor type of Russian design. China [5] has various development and demonstration projects: p CDFR (China Demonstration Fast Reactor)/a fast reactor p CEFR (China Experimental Fast Reactor)/an advanced fast reactor p To increase the proportion of uranium use and reduce the amount of hazardous waste, the intention is to build FBRs that breed fissile material. At the same time, PWRs are being developed whose fuel cycle is based on the material from the fast reactors. The aim is to implement this on an industrial scale by 2025-2030. | Fig. 8. Generation III+ from the USA, the AP1000, photo: NRC. Environment and Safety Nuclear Energy – Reliable, Safe, Economical and Always Available to Protect the Environment ı Peter Dyck
atw Vol. 65 (2020) | Issue 10 ı October List of abbreviations | Fig. 9. Akademik Lomonosov on the way to its place of use [3]. p FBRs with a higher breeding rate are a further step. An additional line of development is the SMRs (Small Modular Reactors), Generation IV reactors which can be adjusted to the needs of the relevant country or region. These are stan dardized plants that are assembled in the factory and delivered as a whole unit (modular system). One example of this is the Academik Lomonosov reactors that are mounted on a ship and will supply power and heat in the port town of Pevek, near the Arctic Circle. Further plans envisage pebble-bed reactors with a capacity of approx. 250 to 350 MWe, which can be used both for power generation and sea water desalination or for process heat. South Africa has plans to build 10 such plants with this type of reactor. Rolls Royce is planning to build mini reactors, prefabricated in factories, which should be cheaper and safer than large plants. It should be possible to transport these mini reactors by road. The first reactor is scheduled to go into operation in the United Kingdom in 2029. [7] CAREM, a CNEA (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica) project in Argentina, is yet another project. Nuscale in the US plans to build 50 megawatt modules. There is a SMR development project in Canada too. Work is underway at the Siberian Chemical Combine site in Russia on a complex with the BREST-300 fast reactor as a demonstration plant and a reprocessing plant. [2] The BREST-300 reactor will become important for closing the fuel cycle. p The reprocessing plant has been simplified compared to the original design and will only separate the fissile material, while the complex and expensive process of separating uranium, plutonium and all other actinides (transuranium elements) will be abandoned. p A mixture of these materials will be used in the fuel of the BREST-300 reactor. High purity of the fuel in terms of fissile material will no longer be important. This process will protect uranium deposits. p Great importance is attached, however, to the purity of the separated separated fission products which, as far as possible, is to be used for the production of isotopes for medical purposes or is to be disposed of. With this and withrecycling of the fissile material, the amount of radiotoxic substances will be greatly reduced and the decay times shortened. The advantage of implementing U, Pu and transuranium elements in a molten salt reactor like it is developed by TerraPower of Bill Gates and in the dual-fluid configuration in Germany is that there is no need to manufacture any fuel assemblies. In addition, the reactor need not be shut down for fuel reloading, since the fissile material can be fed continuously. Furthermore, the fission products can be removed continuously during operation. Fusible cutouts shall ensure inherent safety. In conclusion it can be recognized that many nations including the largest ones count on nuclear energy for electricity generation and that significant advances in reactor technology are not the exception but the rule. FRG CO2 DFR PWR RE EPR GWe He NE NPP MW MWe MWth FBR SMR TWh = Federal Republic of Germany = carbon dioxide = dual fluid reactor = pressurized water reactor = renewable energy (a buzzword) = European pressurized reactor = gigawatt electrical = helium = nuclear energy = nuclear power plant = megawatt = megawatt electrical = megawatt thermal = fast breeder reactor = small modular reactor = terawatt hours VVER =, RBMK =, BN = Russian reactor types References [1] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) [2] SNF MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIA: STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT A.V. KHAPERSKAYA State Corporation “ROSATOM”, Moscow, the Russian Federation O.V. KRYUKOV State Corporation “ROSATOM”, Moscow, the Russian Federation K.V. IVANOV State Corporation “ROSATOM”, Moscow, the Russian Federation [3] Wikipedia [4] Prof. Dr. P von Dierkes, Kaprun [5] The Strategy of Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Its Back-end R&D Activities Ye Guoan, WangJian, ZhengWeifang, HeHui, ZhangHua China Institue of Atomic Energy (CIAE) 249-28 June, 2019, IAEA [6] Nucleopedia .org [7] Rolls-Royce Nuclear Author Dipl.-Phys. Peter Dyck Former Unit Head for 'Spent Fuel Storage' at IAEA Wien Nuclear Consultant for Licencing and Transport for Spent Fuel and High Level Waste dyck.fo@t-online.de ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY 497 Environment and Safety Nuclear Energy – Reliable, Safe, Economical and Always Available to Protect the Environment ı Peter Dyck
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atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 10.2020

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