Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

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Grobler, M. M., & Von Solms, S. H. (2009, July 6-8). Best practice approach to live forensic acquisition. In H. Venter, M. Coetzee, & L. Labuschagne (Eds.), Proceedings of the Information Security for South Africa (ISSA) 2009 Conference, 3-14. Pretoria, South Africa: Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). Guidance Software, Inc. (2010). EnCase® forensic version 6.17 user’s guide. Pasadena, CA, United States of America: Author. Haines, B. R. (2006a). RFID attacks: tag encoding attacks. Syngress Force 2006 Emerging Threat Analysis: From mischief of malicious (pp. 433-445). Rockland, MA: Syngress Publishing, Inc. Haines, B. R. (2006b). RFID attacks: tag application attacks. Syngress Force 2006 Emerging Threat Analysis: From mischief of malicious (pp. 447-460). Rockland, MA: Syngress Publishing, Inc. Halamka, J., Juels, A., Stubblefield, A., & Westhues, J. (2006). The security implications of VeriChip cloning. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13(5), 601-607. Harmon, C. K. (2006). The necessity for a uniform organization of user memory in RFID. International Journal of Radio Frequency Identification Technology and Applications, 1(1), 41-51. Harrill, D. C., & Mislan, R. P. (2007). A small scale digital device forensics Ontology. Journal of Small Scale Digital Forensics, 1(1), 1-7. Hendrickson, A. R., Mennecke, B., Scheibe, K., & Townsend, A. M. (2006, September). Feasibility and proof of concept of utilizing radio frequency identification tagging technology to manage evidentiary materials in forensic laboratories. United States of America: author. Heydt-Benjamin, T. S., Bailey, D. V., Fu, K., Juels, A., & O’Hare, T. (2007). Vulnerabilities in first-generation RFID-enabled credit cards. In S. Dietrich & R. Dhamija (Eds.), Financial Cryptography and Data Security – Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4886(2007), 2-14. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77366-5_2 Hossain, M. M., & Prybutok, V. R. (2008). Consumer acceptance of RFID technology: an exploratory study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 55(2), 316-328. doi:10.1109/TEM.2008.919728 163
Hunt, V. D., Puglia, A., & Puglia, M. (2007). RFID - a guide to radio frequency identification. New Jersey, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ieong, R. S. C. (2006). FORZA – Digital forensics investigation framework that incorporate legal issues. The Journal of Digital Investigation, 3S(2006), S29-S36. doi:10.1016/j.diin.2006.06.004 Jeng, A. B., Chang, L., & Wei, T. (2009). Survey and remedy of the technologies used for RFID tags against counterfeiting. 2009 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, vol.5, no., pp.2975-2981, 12-15 July 2009. Jeong, D., Kim, Y., & In, H. (2005). New RFID system architectures supporting situation awareness under ubiquitous environments. Journal of Computer Science, 1(2), 114-120. Jones, A. K., Hoare, R. R., Dontharaju, S. R., Shenchih, T., Sprang, R., Fazekas, J., Cain, J. T., & Mickle, M.H. (2006a). A field programmable RFID tag and associated design flow. The 14 th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field- Programmable Custom Computing Machines, 2006. FCCM '06, vol., no., pp. 165-174. Jones, K. J., Bejtlich, R., & Rose, C. W. (2006b). Real digital forensics: computer security and incident response. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, United States of America: Addison-Wesley. Jones, R. (2007). Safer live forensic acquisition. Retrieved from http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/pubs/ug/2007/co620-projects/forensic/report.pdf Juels, A., Rivest, R., & Szydlo, M. (2003). The blocker tag: selective blocking of RFID tags for consumer privacy. In V. Alturi (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8 th ACM conference on computer and communication security, Washington, DC, USA (pp. 103–111). New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Juels, A. (2005). Strengthening EPC tags against cloning. In M. Jakobsson & R. Povendran (Eds.), Proceedings of ACM workshop on wireless security (WiSec’05) (pp. 67–76). New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). 164
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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iii Acknowledgements This thesis wa
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v Abstract Read/Write Radio Frequen
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vii Table of Contents (Volume 1) De
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ix 3.2.2.2 The POS Entity Security
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xi 4.3.4 Analysis of the Physical D
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xiii List of Tables Table 2.1 Chara
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Figure 4.3: Error encountered durin
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xvii Figure 4.53: Acquisitions of a
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LF Low Frequency xix LLRP Low Level
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process (see Chalasani, Boppana, &
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of potential evidence after an even
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investigation. Likewise, all the re
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practices concerned with the forens
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defines different types of malware
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2.1.1 RFID Transponders or Tags The
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Table 2.1: Characteristics and Clas
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Moreover, depending on the complexi
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However, according to EPCglobal (El
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According to Harmon (2006, pp. 45-4
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2.2.1 Memory Technologies for RFID
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y the reader as the tag‟s address
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wavelength long and depends on the
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Karygiannis et al., (2007, pp. 2-15
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attacker can perform eavesdropping
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2.5 RFID STOCK MANAGEMENT SECURITY
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Figure 2.15: RFID Business System S
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3.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 - Resear
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etrieve data to an external data so
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firstly affect the back-end RFID mi
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Figure 3.2: Scenario 1 illustration
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Unlike SQL Server forensics, the tr
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forensic workstation must be prepar
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Then, the researcher verified the S
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within the affected records”. In
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can also be found not only in the d
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Likewise, Relevancy is related to t
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3.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN In the prev
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e investigated for evidence of the
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3.2.2 Review of Problem Areas in RF
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participants, the Information Syste
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3.2.3 Case Study The researcher int
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3.2.6 Research Question As stated i
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3.2.8 Data Map Figure 3.9: Data Map
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software (see Appendix 4) that can
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and Deng (2007) illustrated two eff
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system of the target machine (Jones
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other collected evidence data by us
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SQL Server artefacts (for the purpo
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presence of digital evidence after
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4.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 4 - Resear
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Figure 4.1: Error encountered durin
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server (Figure 4.6) due to the user
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Section 4.2 include the snippets of
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4.2.2 Live Extraction of Binaries R
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4.2.3.1 Automated Artefact Collecti
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4.2.3.2 Ad Hoc Artefact Collection
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4.2.3.3.1 Active VLF Data After gat
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The acquisition result of ring buff
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Depending on the version of the vic
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syntax was used to acquire a server
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:out E:\SystemDatabaseRoleMembers.t
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However, according to Fowler (2009,
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After collecting the table statisti
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Thus, the result of the current tab
Page 131 and 132: 4.2.3.4.6 Data Page Allocation Arte
Page 133 and 134: components of database were enabled
Page 135 and 136: The record of shutting down the ser
Page 137 and 138: “application logic and extend the
Page 139 and 140: 4.2.3.6.5 SQL Server Error Logs Usu
Page 141 and 142: 4.2.4 Physical Disk Drive Finally,
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.56: Analyzing the image co
Page 145 and 146: could not. Hence, the artefacts cou
Page 147 and 148: 5.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 - Resear
Page 149 and 150: the laboratory to simulate a RFID t
Page 151 and 152: and confirmed the database was obvi
Page 153 and 154: SUMMARY: After analysing all the ac
Page 155 and 156: all the collected digital evidence
Page 157 and 158: Table 5.5: Secondary Research Quest
Page 159 and 160: write blocker (Tableau Forensic USB
Page 161 and 162: collected digital evidence files (b
Page 163 and 164: 5.2.3 Discussion of Conducted Attac
Page 165 and 166: forensic work-station (Appendix 10)
Page 167 and 168: forensic test-station for the inves
Page 169 and 170: the trusted forensic toolkits. In a
Page 171 and 172: 6.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 6 - Conclu
Page 173 and 174: Table 6.1: Specific forensic tools
Page 175 and 176: the evidential data are the importa
Page 177 and 178: (Chapter 5; Section 5.3) for both d
Page 179 and 180: Bolan, C. (2007). A single channel
Page 181: El-Said, M. M., & Woodring, I. (200
Page 185 and 186: Kou, D., Zhao, K., Tao, Y., & Kou,
Page 187 and 188: Notes in Computer Science 5379(2009
Page 189 and 190: Tripwire, Inc. (2010a). Tripwire Ma
Page 191 and 192: Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 1: Volatile and Non-volati
Page 195 and 196: 3 Activity Endpoints* ● md5deep N
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 2: Steps for Creating Radi
Page 199 and 200: 14. Gather the latest versions of W
Page 201 and 202: The following is the detail record
Page 203 and 204: COMPLETE 'Logins.txt' (md5=A2993744
Page 205 and 206: (md5=A2993744A56BA83ADE52948062C968
Page 207 and 208: 'Schemas.htm' (md5=30BB65A20F1381D7
Page 209 and 210: 22:02:26: Hashing 'wft_cfg.txt' (md
Page 211 and 212: Record any checksum(s) below to lat
Page 213 and 214: 22. Although the extended version o
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 3: Source Code of the Deve
Page 217 and 218: { } else { MessageBox.Show("No read
Page 219 and 220: } } btnConnect.Enabled = true; btnD
Page 221 and 222: MessageBox.Show(this, "Connection t
Page 223 and 224: } } } dwNumEntries = usbRFID.GetNum
Page 225 and 226: add it to the list box LogItem.szID
Page 227 and 228: if(fdialog.FileName != "") { FileSt
Page 229 and 230: private string constr = @"Data Sour
Page 231 and 232: } } else { } catch (Exception ex) {
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} } } } insertTagtoDB(TagID, TagVal
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} break; case ("Protection"): { uiB
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} } } //this.Cursor = Cursors.Defau
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} } btnReadTag.Enabled = false; tmr
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private void insertTagtoDB(string T
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} } } private void btnLOGload_Click
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Step 4: Then, the Tripwire will per
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Similarly, Tripwire user account sh
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Figure A5.5: Installation of the Tr
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Appendix 6: An Example of the Condu
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Sync” allowing the users to confi
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Figure A6.8: RFID Sync Application
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Figure A6.10: Screenshot of writing
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Step 3: Configure the reader’s Ta
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Step 8: Edit the Tripwire configura
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Step 12: Record of the fictitious l
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Step 16: Similarly, check whether t
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Step 20: Check the primary database
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Appendix 7: Steps taken before the
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insert into rfid_log ( Tag, User_da
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Figure A7.3: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.7: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.11: Screenshot of Tripwir
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Step 10: Once Tripwire database was
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Appendix 8: Steps taken after the S
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Step 3: The integrity check was ini
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Figure A8.8: Screenshot of the Trip
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Figure A8.12: Screenshot of the bac
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Figure A9.3: Network Interface Card
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Figure A9.7: Enterprise Version of
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Appendix 10: Screenshots of Forensi
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Appendix 11: Forensically Sterilizi
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Figure A11. 4: Wiping all the secto
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Appendix 12: Steps for Copying and
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Figure A12.6: Acquiring the forensi
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12. However, the acquisition was ca
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15. Then, the original evidence dri
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18. Then, a bad signature file was
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Appendix 13: Artefacts Collected by
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Figure A13.5: Acquired backend SQL
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SQL SERVER - DATABASE SERVER INFORM
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Figure A13.15: Fragment of the acqu
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Figure A13.18: Result of the Acquir
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Figure A13.23: Result of the Acquir
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72CBADAE0A1F9FF34D4A35A9AB26BDB8 Au
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2428169B31C96FE4A767215000AA0008 in
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Appendix 15: WFT Tool Log during th
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06:31:36: Verifying 'sql\runsql.bat
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(md5=A7A43C52521F85BDD6683D9E0E4A00
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(md5=AB700D66945BBC9FBFA34002A808A2
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[DB Configuration] (md5=F416BF7233E
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(md5=FEDD1E9DF1B76C877B8027B62E401B
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06:32:21: Verifying 'xp\mem.exe' OK
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06:32:22: Verifying 'sysinternals\p
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'uptime.htm' (md5=B7456D103CBF5E49F
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'netlgrp.txt' (md5=E6D74D46AECD9692
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06:32:26: Verifying 'cygwin\cygwin1
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'cmdline.txt' (md5=B44C85C704337F00
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06:32:32: Verifying 'netlatency\ser
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06:32:35: Verifying 'diamondcs\ipli
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(md5=BB5127D25439D1B50A305B1CF865FE
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(md5=647578D95B7F3B11B6CCF833E29670
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06:32:41: Verifying 'perl\re.dll' O
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(md5=C4DA0F6D85F641B3E5A0F065AEDB27
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06:33:15: Verifying '2k\res_kit\dum
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[FILE SYSTEM] (md5=E9D558E387FC2208
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06:33:19: Running 'tools\xp\cmd.exe
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06:33:20: Verifying 'tools\xp\cmd.e
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'sys_ini.txt' (md5=B143A6852C9EF93E
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06:33:22: Running 'xp\at.exe' [#132
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06:33:24: Verifying 'microsoft\reg.
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(md5=4380D8F2014A5C35BF59DF30D079F0
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06:34:09: Running 'xp\gpresult.exe'
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06:34:15: Verifying 'microsoft\regd
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06:34:16: Running 'microsoft\reg.ex
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[DONE] SKIPPED (via '-nowrite' para
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'mail.gif' (md5=38477E98FB3ED60B829
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Step 3: The SQL poisoning attack wa
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Appendix 17: Live Acquisition of Ph
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The problem issue was clearly state
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Figure A17.9: Evidence item informa
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Figure A17.13: Successful creation
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Physical Drive Acquisition Report b
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Figure A18.2: Screenshot of the Acq
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Figure A18.4: Screenshots of the Ac
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Figure A19.2b: Screenshot of the In
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Figure A19.5: Screenshot of the lau
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Figure A19.10: Choosing the OS path
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Figure A19.16: Avoiding the tools t
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Figure A19.21a: WFT tool in action
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Figure A19.22b: The acquisition of
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Appendix 20: Extended wftSQL Batchf
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SET /P USERQUESTION=Use currently l
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Appendix 21_Screenshots of Hashing
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Appendix 22: Hash Values Comparison
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DBO_RFIDlog_tblStat_Date.txt Text 4
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IDE_Image.E06 EnCase Image eaa9522a
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Endpoints.htm Web Page d23eef6404ca
Page 429 and 430:
PSLIST.HTM Web Page 79dbea76b982972
Page 431 and 432:
IPXROUTE.HTM Web Page 97d4e1dd9621b
Page 433 and 434:
PSFILE.HTM Web Page d6d58ad5914ef24
Page 435 and 436:
HKLM_RS.HTM Web Page f756a379df8579
Page 437 and 438:
MDM.HTM Web Page a5e04ce095305295ae
Page 439 and 440:
WFT_CFG.TXT Text 1d378b80f8e0e7ea4f
Page 441 and 442:
PCLIP.TXT Text 037130bf88e524d8f61a
Page 443 and 444:
TLIST_V.TXT Text cdf2d49e302522e370
Page 445 and 446:
HUNT.TXT Text 99553ccd8e14cae6db789
Page 447 and 448:
C_hidden.txt Text 5f45b5367c7ed8852
Page 449 and 450:
HKCU_R.TXT Text 9e7b99199b2931e811a
Page 451 and 452:
ARKAR_US.B BASIC Source Code .E01 e
Page 453 and 454:
CollationAndDataType.txt Text 37a07
Page 455 and 456:
RFID_test.md5 45c0868ea943c2171ff35
Page 457 and 458:
errorlog_4.md5 3f7f86d69760b535bd82
Page 459 and 460:
Appendix 23: Analysis of Acquired S
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2010-10-25 12:37:05.56 Server Serve
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2010-10-05 01:22:55.53 Server Detec
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2010-10-07 15:20:54.21 Server Serve
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2010-10-25 12:17:39.26 Server Serve
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2010-10-03 00:59:55.96 Server Dedic
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2010-10-02 00:11:57.85 Server -d C:
Page 473 and 474:
2010-10-02 02:40:05.35 Server SQL S
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2010-10-01 23:20:15.28 Server Dedic
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2010-10-01 23:14:19.50 Server Using
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2010-10-01 23:20:12.40 Server The S
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2010-10-01 23:12:03.65 spid4s Recov
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processed. Likewise, the acquired r
Page 485:
Figure 24A.3: There is no record in
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