Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

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WFT tool and ad-hoc acquisition method) may be involved in the data analysis phase. However, only the collected data in the range of investigation timeline will be analyzed and evidence recovered or analysis results will be stored on the forensic workstation. Moreover, as stated in Section 3.3.5; the comparison of the hash values before and after the analysis will also be performed for evidence integrity checking. One of the critical parts of data analysis is documentation, as Britz (2009) mentioned, which is very significant in any forensic investigation although computer crime investigations may not be the same. Hence, all the process of analyzing collected data and evidence recovered will be documented and those documented analysis events will later be useful for integrity checking and presenting the evidence related to the theft of SI in the court. Consequently, the evidence recovered will be used to reconstruct the timeline when the attack occurs, to determine how the backend server data is manipulated, and so forth in order to answer the research question mentioned in Section 3.2.6. Thus, the forensic analysis of digital evidence is an important phase of digital forensic investigation. 3.3.7 Data Presentation After analyzing and documenting the evidence related to the theft of SI in a simulated RFID BS, the evidence recovered will be presenting in the table or diagram formats as part of the data presentation phase in the forensic investigation. The data presentation phase will involve the results of analysis of collected artefacts, the reasons why the tools and procedures are chosen to perform the investigation, hashing comparison of the evidence files before and after analysis for evidence reliability and integrity (as stated in Section 3.3.5), and the like. Furthermore, the correlation of the evidence examined will also be presented in order to reconstruct the malicious activity to proof the theft of SI. For instance, the table or diagram of volatile data in relation to the reconstruction of malicious attack and non- volatile data in relation to the reconstruction of the malicious attack will be presented. Likewise, the grouping the analysis results of collected artefacts towards the purpose of investigation will be presented. For example, the contributions of the analysis results of database users, authentication and authorization settings of non-volatile 77
SQL Server artefacts (for the purpose of making decision on whether the attack comes from authorized or unauthorized person) towards the proof of SI theft will be visualized in the presentation phase. In doing so, “a specific time and special state of the collected digital evidence can be confirmed by the authority or a third party and can provide scientific evidence of behavior, standardized proof solidification for the judicial investigation of digital evidence” (Zhang & Lin, 2010, p. 652). The final part of the presentation phase will include the recommendations for the forensic investigators and business owners based on the presented results mentioned above. 3.4 LIMITATIONS Even though there are varieties of malicious RFID attacks and the threats of RFID stock management system (Sections 2.4 and 2.5 respectively) the attack scenario mentioned in this research is using RFID R/W tag as the attack vector to compromise the backend DB server in a closed RFID BS environment. It does mean that the proposed system design (Section 3.3.1) will not be connected to the Internet. On the other hand, the Web Server applications such as Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) are normally used as the front end in order for clients to access backend database server from external network. These web server applications maintain log files which can contain the attack events occurred on the backend server during the timeline of investigation. However, the acquisitions of web server logs will not be covered in this project experiment. Thus, the evidence from the Web Server will not be presented. Likewise, there are limitations in finding evidence in POS areas. POS evidence such as CCTV and interview evidence from human participants will not be available. On the other hand, the additional risks such as loss of integrity, trust, system utility and other collateral damages to BS caused by successful social engineering will not be assessed. Furthermore, the Shelf-Inventory-Read transactions will not be encountered. Moreover, Fowler (2009) mentioned that the acquisitions of the physical event logs can be done by using dcfldd utility in case of these collected files are corrupted. However, the repairing of system event log files and how to 78
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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iii Acknowledgements This thesis wa
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v Abstract Read/Write Radio Frequen
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vii Table of Contents (Volume 1) De
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ix 3.2.2.2 The POS Entity Security
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xi 4.3.4 Analysis of the Physical D
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xiii List of Tables Table 2.1 Chara
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Figure 4.3: Error encountered durin
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xvii Figure 4.53: Acquisitions of a
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LF Low Frequency xix LLRP Low Level
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process (see Chalasani, Boppana, &
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of potential evidence after an even
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investigation. Likewise, all the re
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practices concerned with the forens
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defines different types of malware
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2.1.1 RFID Transponders or Tags The
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Table 2.1: Characteristics and Clas
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Moreover, depending on the complexi
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However, according to EPCglobal (El
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According to Harmon (2006, pp. 45-4
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2.2.1 Memory Technologies for RFID
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y the reader as the tag‟s address
Page 45 and 46: wavelength long and depends on the
Page 47 and 48: Karygiannis et al., (2007, pp. 2-15
Page 49 and 50: attacker can perform eavesdropping
Page 51 and 52: 2.5 RFID STOCK MANAGEMENT SECURITY
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.15: RFID Business System S
Page 55 and 56: 3.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 - Resear
Page 57 and 58: etrieve data to an external data so
Page 59 and 60: firstly affect the back-end RFID mi
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.2: Scenario 1 illustration
Page 63 and 64: Unlike SQL Server forensics, the tr
Page 65 and 66: forensic workstation must be prepar
Page 67 and 68: Then, the researcher verified the S
Page 69 and 70: within the affected records”. In
Page 71 and 72: can also be found not only in the d
Page 73 and 74: Likewise, Relevancy is related to t
Page 75 and 76: 3.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN In the prev
Page 77 and 78: e investigated for evidence of the
Page 79 and 80: 3.2.2 Review of Problem Areas in RF
Page 81 and 82: participants, the Information Syste
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.3 Case Study The researcher int
Page 85 and 86: 3.2.6 Research Question As stated i
Page 87 and 88: 3.2.8 Data Map Figure 3.9: Data Map
Page 89 and 90: software (see Appendix 4) that can
Page 91 and 92: and Deng (2007) illustrated two eff
Page 93 and 94: system of the target machine (Jones
Page 95: other collected evidence data by us
Page 99 and 100: presence of digital evidence after
Page 101 and 102: 4.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 4 - Resear
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4.1: Error encountered durin
Page 105 and 106: server (Figure 4.6) due to the user
Page 107 and 108: Section 4.2 include the snippets of
Page 109 and 110: 4.2.2 Live Extraction of Binaries R
Page 111 and 112: 4.2.3.1 Automated Artefact Collecti
Page 113 and 114: 4.2.3.2 Ad Hoc Artefact Collection
Page 115 and 116: 4.2.3.3.1 Active VLF Data After gat
Page 117 and 118: The acquisition result of ring buff
Page 119 and 120: Depending on the version of the vic
Page 121 and 122: syntax was used to acquire a server
Page 123 and 124: :out E:\SystemDatabaseRoleMembers.t
Page 125 and 126: However, according to Fowler (2009,
Page 127 and 128: After collecting the table statisti
Page 129 and 130: Thus, the result of the current tab
Page 131 and 132: 4.2.3.4.6 Data Page Allocation Arte
Page 133 and 134: components of database were enabled
Page 135 and 136: The record of shutting down the ser
Page 137 and 138: “application logic and extend the
Page 139 and 140: 4.2.3.6.5 SQL Server Error Logs Usu
Page 141 and 142: 4.2.4 Physical Disk Drive Finally,
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.56: Analyzing the image co
Page 145 and 146: could not. Hence, the artefacts cou
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5.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 - Resear
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the laboratory to simulate a RFID t
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and confirmed the database was obvi
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SUMMARY: After analysing all the ac
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all the collected digital evidence
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Table 5.5: Secondary Research Quest
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write blocker (Tableau Forensic USB
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collected digital evidence files (b
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5.2.3 Discussion of Conducted Attac
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forensic work-station (Appendix 10)
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forensic test-station for the inves
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the trusted forensic toolkits. In a
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6.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 6 - Conclu
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Table 6.1: Specific forensic tools
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the evidential data are the importa
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(Chapter 5; Section 5.3) for both d
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Bolan, C. (2007). A single channel
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El-Said, M. M., & Woodring, I. (200
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Hunt, V. D., Puglia, A., & Puglia,
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Kou, D., Zhao, K., Tao, Y., & Kou,
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Notes in Computer Science 5379(2009
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Tripwire, Inc. (2010a). Tripwire Ma
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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Appendix 1: Volatile and Non-volati
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3 Activity Endpoints* ● md5deep N
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Appendix 2: Steps for Creating Radi
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14. Gather the latest versions of W
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The following is the detail record
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COMPLETE 'Logins.txt' (md5=A2993744
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(md5=A2993744A56BA83ADE52948062C968
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'Schemas.htm' (md5=30BB65A20F1381D7
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22:02:26: Hashing 'wft_cfg.txt' (md
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Record any checksum(s) below to lat
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22. Although the extended version o
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Appendix 3: Source Code of the Deve
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{ } else { MessageBox.Show("No read
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} } btnConnect.Enabled = true; btnD
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MessageBox.Show(this, "Connection t
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} } } dwNumEntries = usbRFID.GetNum
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add it to the list box LogItem.szID
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if(fdialog.FileName != "") { FileSt
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private string constr = @"Data Sour
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} } else { } catch (Exception ex) {
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} } } } insertTagtoDB(TagID, TagVal
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} break; case ("Protection"): { uiB
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} } } //this.Cursor = Cursors.Defau
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} } btnReadTag.Enabled = false; tmr
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private void insertTagtoDB(string T
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} } } private void btnLOGload_Click
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Step 4: Then, the Tripwire will per
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Similarly, Tripwire user account sh
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Figure A5.5: Installation of the Tr
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Appendix 6: An Example of the Condu
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Sync” allowing the users to confi
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Figure A6.8: RFID Sync Application
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Figure A6.10: Screenshot of writing
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Step 3: Configure the reader’s Ta
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Step 8: Edit the Tripwire configura
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Step 12: Record of the fictitious l
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Step 16: Similarly, check whether t
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Step 20: Check the primary database
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Appendix 7: Steps taken before the
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insert into rfid_log ( Tag, User_da
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Figure A7.3: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.7: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.11: Screenshot of Tripwir
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Step 10: Once Tripwire database was
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Appendix 8: Steps taken after the S
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Step 3: The integrity check was ini
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Figure A8.8: Screenshot of the Trip
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Figure A8.12: Screenshot of the bac
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Figure A9.3: Network Interface Card
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Figure A9.7: Enterprise Version of
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Appendix 10: Screenshots of Forensi
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Appendix 11: Forensically Sterilizi
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Figure A11. 4: Wiping all the secto
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Appendix 12: Steps for Copying and
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Figure A12.6: Acquiring the forensi
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12. However, the acquisition was ca
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15. Then, the original evidence dri
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18. Then, a bad signature file was
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Appendix 13: Artefacts Collected by
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Figure A13.5: Acquired backend SQL
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SQL SERVER - DATABASE SERVER INFORM
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Figure A13.15: Fragment of the acqu
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Figure A13.18: Result of the Acquir
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Figure A13.23: Result of the Acquir
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72CBADAE0A1F9FF34D4A35A9AB26BDB8 Au
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2428169B31C96FE4A767215000AA0008 in
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Appendix 15: WFT Tool Log during th
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06:31:36: Verifying 'sql\runsql.bat
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(md5=A7A43C52521F85BDD6683D9E0E4A00
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(md5=AB700D66945BBC9FBFA34002A808A2
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[DB Configuration] (md5=F416BF7233E
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(md5=FEDD1E9DF1B76C877B8027B62E401B
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06:32:21: Verifying 'xp\mem.exe' OK
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06:32:22: Verifying 'sysinternals\p
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'uptime.htm' (md5=B7456D103CBF5E49F
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'netlgrp.txt' (md5=E6D74D46AECD9692
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06:32:26: Verifying 'cygwin\cygwin1
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'cmdline.txt' (md5=B44C85C704337F00
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06:32:32: Verifying 'netlatency\ser
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06:32:35: Verifying 'diamondcs\ipli
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(md5=BB5127D25439D1B50A305B1CF865FE
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(md5=647578D95B7F3B11B6CCF833E29670
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06:32:41: Verifying 'perl\re.dll' O
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(md5=C4DA0F6D85F641B3E5A0F065AEDB27
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06:33:15: Verifying '2k\res_kit\dum
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[FILE SYSTEM] (md5=E9D558E387FC2208
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06:33:19: Running 'tools\xp\cmd.exe
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06:33:20: Verifying 'tools\xp\cmd.e
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'sys_ini.txt' (md5=B143A6852C9EF93E
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06:33:22: Running 'xp\at.exe' [#132
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06:33:24: Verifying 'microsoft\reg.
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(md5=4380D8F2014A5C35BF59DF30D079F0
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06:34:09: Running 'xp\gpresult.exe'
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06:34:15: Verifying 'microsoft\regd
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06:34:16: Running 'microsoft\reg.ex
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[DONE] SKIPPED (via '-nowrite' para
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'mail.gif' (md5=38477E98FB3ED60B829
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Step 3: The SQL poisoning attack wa
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Appendix 17: Live Acquisition of Ph
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The problem issue was clearly state
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Figure A17.9: Evidence item informa
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Figure A17.13: Successful creation
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Physical Drive Acquisition Report b
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Figure A18.2: Screenshot of the Acq
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Figure A18.4: Screenshots of the Ac
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Figure A19.2b: Screenshot of the In
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Figure A19.5: Screenshot of the lau
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Figure A19.10: Choosing the OS path
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Figure A19.16: Avoiding the tools t
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Figure A19.21a: WFT tool in action
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Figure A19.22b: The acquisition of
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Appendix 20: Extended wftSQL Batchf
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SET /P USERQUESTION=Use currently l
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Appendix 21_Screenshots of Hashing
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Appendix 22: Hash Values Comparison
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DBO_RFIDlog_tblStat_Date.txt Text 4
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IDE_Image.E06 EnCase Image eaa9522a
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Endpoints.htm Web Page d23eef6404ca
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PSLIST.HTM Web Page 79dbea76b982972
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IPXROUTE.HTM Web Page 97d4e1dd9621b
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PSFILE.HTM Web Page d6d58ad5914ef24
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HKLM_RS.HTM Web Page f756a379df8579
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MDM.HTM Web Page a5e04ce095305295ae
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WFT_CFG.TXT Text 1d378b80f8e0e7ea4f
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PCLIP.TXT Text 037130bf88e524d8f61a
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TLIST_V.TXT Text cdf2d49e302522e370
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HUNT.TXT Text 99553ccd8e14cae6db789
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C_hidden.txt Text 5f45b5367c7ed8852
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HKCU_R.TXT Text 9e7b99199b2931e811a
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ARKAR_US.B BASIC Source Code .E01 e
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CollationAndDataType.txt Text 37a07
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RFID_test.md5 45c0868ea943c2171ff35
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errorlog_4.md5 3f7f86d69760b535bd82
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Appendix 23: Analysis of Acquired S
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2010-10-25 12:37:05.56 Server Serve
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2010-10-05 01:22:55.53 Server Detec
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2010-10-07 15:20:54.21 Server Serve
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2010-10-25 12:17:39.26 Server Serve
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2010-10-03 00:59:55.96 Server Dedic
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2010-10-02 00:11:57.85 Server -d C:
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2010-10-02 02:40:05.35 Server SQL S
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2010-10-01 23:20:15.28 Server Dedic
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2010-10-01 23:14:19.50 Server Using
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2010-10-01 23:20:12.40 Server The S
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2010-10-01 23:12:03.65 spid4s Recov
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processed. Likewise, the acquired r
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Figure 24A.3: There is no record in
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