Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

Table 2.2: EPC Interface Standards and Their Specifications
EPC Interface
Standards
Class 1 Generation 2
Ultra High Frequency
(UHF) Air Interface
Protocol Standard
“Gen 2”
Low Level Reader
Protocol Standard
(LLRP)
Reader Protocol
Standard (RP)
Reader Management
Standard (RM)
Discovery,
Configuration and
Initialization (DCI)
Standard for Reader
Operations
Application Level
Events (ALE)
Standard
EPC Information
Services (EPCIS)
Object Name Service
(ONS) Standard
Specifications
“Defines the physical and logical requirements for a passive-
backscatter, Interrogator-talks-first (ITF), RFID system operating in
the (860 – 960) MHz frequency range. The system comprises
interrogators (Readers), and tags (labels)” (EPCglobal Inc., 2008, p.
10). Latest version for item level tagging is v1.2.0.
“Specifies the interface between the RFID readers and clients;
providing control of RFID air protocol operation timing and access to
air protocol command parameters” (EPCglobal Inc., 2007, p. 2).
This interface standard “specifies the interactions between a device
capable of reading/writing tags and application software” (EPCglobal
Inc., 2006, p. 17).
“The current RM Standard Version 1.0.1 of the wire protocol used by
management software to monitor the operating status and health of
EPCglobal compliant RFID Readers” (EPCglobal Inc., 2007, p. 2).
“Specifies the interface between RFID readers, access controllers,
and the network on which they operate and identify the necessary and
optional operations of a reader and client that allow them to utilize
the network to which they are connected to communicate with other
devices, exchange configuration, and initialize the operation of each
reader, so that the reader operations protocols can be used to control
the operation of the readers to provide tag and other information to
the client” (EPCglobal Inc., 2009, p. 5).
“Specifies a software interface through which client applications may
interact with filtered, consolidated EPC data and related data from a
variety of sources. In particular, ALE provides a convenient way for
applications to read and write RFID tags, interacting with one or
more RFID reader devices” (EPCglobal Inc., 2008, p. 1).
“Specifies a standard for sharing EPC related information between
trading partners. EPCIS provides important new capabilities to
improve efficiency, security, and visibility in the global supply chain,
and complements lower level EPCglobal tag, reader, and middleware
standards” (Asher et al., 2007, p. 4).
“Specifies how the domain name system (DNS) is used to locate
authoritative metadata and services associated with a given electronic
product code” (EPCglobal Inc., 2008, p. 6).
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