Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

software (middleware) and it centrally processes information coming from
multiple readers that are networked together. The data or information is obtained
by readers and then passes down to the controller. Hunt et al., (2007) explain
some of the functions of the RFID controller are while obtaining information from
multiple readers, the host can keep an updated inventory list of a retail system, the
host is able to verify, identity and grant authorization in keyless entry systems,
and the host can track the movements of the objects throughout the system in a
manufacturing application.
2.1.4 RFID Standards
RFID Standards are developed or defined by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in order to achieve interoperability of the different RFID
devices manufactured by different companies. There are different RFID standards
including “tag–reader air interface specifications, reader–host command
specifications, reader network standards, and data formats” (Su et al., 2008, p.
41).
The RFID air interface operation, is defined by the ISO 18000 Series of
standards, comprises physical layer electronic characteristics and data link layer
for data communication. This ISO 18000 includes seven parts such as “Part 1
defines general parameters, Part 2 specifies the parameters for frequency under
125KHz (Low Frequency), Part 3 specifies parameters for 13.56MHz (High
Frequency), Part 3 and Part 4 work on 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively, Part
6 works on frequency between 860 MHz to 930 MHz (Ultra High Frequency), and
Part 7 works on 433 MHz (used for active RFID)” (Su et al., 2008, p. 42).
Similarly, ISO 14223 is for the air interface standard and is used for the
“identification of animals in agricultural applications”, whereas the standards
ISO14443 and ISO 15693 are defined for “the air interface and communication
protocols for the proximity system and vicinity card” (Su et al., 2008, p. 42).
Moreover, Su et al., (2008) indicates that there are other standards in
addition to air interface standards. For instance, “the concept, data syntax,
business process, and information exchange for item level management” are
defined by ISO 15961-15963; and “the different types of packaging processes for
the logistic and supply chain” are defined by ISO 17363-17368 (Su et al., 2008, p.
42).
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