Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

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Samani, R. (2010). Re-defining the human factor. Journal of Infosecurity, 7(2), 30-33. doi:10.1016/S1754-4548(10)70039-5 Sanghera, P., Thornton, F., Haines, B., Kleinschmidt, J., Das, A. M., Bhargava, H., & Campbell, A. (2007). How to cheat at deploying and securing RFID. Burlington, Massachusetts, United States of America: Syngress Publishing, Inc. Sangwan, R. S., Qiu, R. G., & Jessen, D. (2005). Using RFID tags for tracking patients, charts and medical equipment within an integrated health delivery network. In Proceedings of Networking, Sensing and Control, 2005 IEEE, vol., no., pp. 1070-1074, 19-22 March 2005. Sheng, Q. Z., Li, X., & Zeadally, S. (2008). Enabling next-generation RFID applications: solutions and challenges. Journal of Computer, IEEE Computer Society, 41(9), 21-28. doi:10.1109/MC.2008.386 Shih, D., Lin, C., & Lin, B. (2005). RFID tags: privacy and security aspects. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 3(3), 214-230. Simon, M., & Slay, J. (2009). Enhancement of forensic computing investigations through memory forensic techniques. In Proceedings of 2009 International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, ARES(2009), 995-1000. Los Alamitos, California, United States of America: IEEE Computer Society. doi:10.1109/ARES.2009.119 Solanas, A., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Martı´nez-Balleste´, A., & Daza, V. (2007). A distributed architecture for scalable private RFID tag identification. Journal of Computer Networks, 51(2007), 2268-2279. Thevissen, P. W., Poelman, G., Cooman, M. D., Puers, R., & Willems, G. (2006). Implantation of an RFID-tag into human molars to reduce hard forensic identification labor. Part I: Working principle. Journal of Forensic Science International, 159S (2006), 159(Supplement 1), S33-S39. Thevissen, P. W., G. Poelman, Cooman, M. D., Puers, R., & Willems, G. (2006). Implantation of an RFID-tag into human molars to reduce hard forensic identification labor. Part 2: Physical properties. Journal of Forensic Science International, 159(Supplement 1), S40-S46. Thornton, F., Haines, B., Das, A. M., Bhargava, H., Campbell, A., & Kleinschmidt, J. (2006). RFID Security. Canada: Syngress Publishing, Inc. 169
Tripwire, Inc. (2010a). Tripwire Manager & Tripwire for Servers 4.8 reference guide. Portland, United States of America: Author. Tripwire, Inc. (2010b). Tripwire for Servers 4.8 installation guide. Portland, United States of America: Author. Tripwire, Inc. (2010c). Tripwire Manager 4.8 user guide. Portland, United States of America: Author. Tu, Y., & Piramuthu, S. (2008). Reducing false reads in RFID-embedded supply chains. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 3(2), 60-70. Vacca, J. R. (2005). Computer forensics: computer crime scene investigation (2nd ed.). Massachusetts, United States of America: Charles River Media, Inc. Wang, Z., Sun, X., Zhang, C., & Li, Y. (2007). Issues in integrated circuit design for UHF RFID. IEEE International Workshop on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology, RFIT 007, vol., no., pp.322-328, 9-11 Dec. 2007. Wang, L., Zhang, R., & Zhang, S. (2009, December 18-20). A Model of computer live forensics based on physical memory analysis. Paper presented at the 1st International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE), Nanjing, China. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org Weis, S. A. (2003a) Security and privacy in radio-frequency identification devices. Master’s thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Weis, S. A, Sarma, S., Rivest, R., & Engels, D. (2003b). Security and privacy aspects of low-cost radio frequency identification systems. In D. Hutter, G. Müller, W. Stephan, & M. Ullmann (Eds.), Security in Pervasive computing, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference in Security in pervasive computing, Boppard, Germany, March 12–14, 2003. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 2802, pp. 201–212). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/b95124 Weiser, M. (1991). The computer for the twenty-first century. Scientific American. 91-104. Weiser, M. (1993). Some computer science issues in ubiquitous computing. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 36(7), 75-84. 170
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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iii Acknowledgements This thesis wa
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v Abstract Read/Write Radio Frequen
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vii Table of Contents (Volume 1) De
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ix 3.2.2.2 The POS Entity Security
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xi 4.3.4 Analysis of the Physical D
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xiii List of Tables Table 2.1 Chara
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Figure 4.3: Error encountered durin
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xvii Figure 4.53: Acquisitions of a
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LF Low Frequency xix LLRP Low Level
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process (see Chalasani, Boppana, &
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of potential evidence after an even
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investigation. Likewise, all the re
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practices concerned with the forens
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defines different types of malware
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2.1.1 RFID Transponders or Tags The
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Table 2.1: Characteristics and Clas
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Moreover, depending on the complexi
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However, according to EPCglobal (El
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According to Harmon (2006, pp. 45-4
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2.2.1 Memory Technologies for RFID
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y the reader as the tag‟s address
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wavelength long and depends on the
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Karygiannis et al., (2007, pp. 2-15
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attacker can perform eavesdropping
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2.5 RFID STOCK MANAGEMENT SECURITY
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Figure 2.15: RFID Business System S
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3.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 - Resear
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etrieve data to an external data so
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firstly affect the back-end RFID mi
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Figure 3.2: Scenario 1 illustration
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Unlike SQL Server forensics, the tr
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forensic workstation must be prepar
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Then, the researcher verified the S
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within the affected records”. In
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can also be found not only in the d
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Likewise, Relevancy is related to t
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3.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN In the prev
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e investigated for evidence of the
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3.2.2 Review of Problem Areas in RF
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participants, the Information Syste
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3.2.3 Case Study The researcher int
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3.2.6 Research Question As stated i
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3.2.8 Data Map Figure 3.9: Data Map
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software (see Appendix 4) that can
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and Deng (2007) illustrated two eff
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system of the target machine (Jones
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other collected evidence data by us
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SQL Server artefacts (for the purpo
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presence of digital evidence after
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4.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 4 - Resear
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Figure 4.1: Error encountered durin
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server (Figure 4.6) due to the user
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Section 4.2 include the snippets of
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4.2.2 Live Extraction of Binaries R
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4.2.3.1 Automated Artefact Collecti
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4.2.3.2 Ad Hoc Artefact Collection
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4.2.3.3.1 Active VLF Data After gat
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The acquisition result of ring buff
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Depending on the version of the vic
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syntax was used to acquire a server
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:out E:\SystemDatabaseRoleMembers.t
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However, according to Fowler (2009,
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After collecting the table statisti
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Thus, the result of the current tab
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4.2.3.4.6 Data Page Allocation Arte
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components of database were enabled
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The record of shutting down the ser
Page 137 and 138: “application logic and extend the
Page 139 and 140: 4.2.3.6.5 SQL Server Error Logs Usu
Page 141 and 142: 4.2.4 Physical Disk Drive Finally,
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4.56: Analyzing the image co
Page 145 and 146: could not. Hence, the artefacts cou
Page 147 and 148: 5.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 - Resear
Page 149 and 150: the laboratory to simulate a RFID t
Page 151 and 152: and confirmed the database was obvi
Page 153 and 154: SUMMARY: After analysing all the ac
Page 155 and 156: all the collected digital evidence
Page 157 and 158: Table 5.5: Secondary Research Quest
Page 159 and 160: write blocker (Tableau Forensic USB
Page 161 and 162: collected digital evidence files (b
Page 163 and 164: 5.2.3 Discussion of Conducted Attac
Page 165 and 166: forensic work-station (Appendix 10)
Page 167 and 168: forensic test-station for the inves
Page 169 and 170: the trusted forensic toolkits. In a
Page 171 and 172: 6.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 6 - Conclu
Page 173 and 174: Table 6.1: Specific forensic tools
Page 175 and 176: the evidential data are the importa
Page 177 and 178: (Chapter 5; Section 5.3) for both d
Page 179 and 180: Bolan, C. (2007). A single channel
Page 181 and 182: El-Said, M. M., & Woodring, I. (200
Page 183 and 184: Hunt, V. D., Puglia, A., & Puglia,
Page 185 and 186: Kou, D., Zhao, K., Tao, Y., & Kou,
Page 187: Notes in Computer Science 5379(2009
Page 191 and 192: Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 1: Volatile and Non-volati
Page 195 and 196: 3 Activity Endpoints* ● md5deep N
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 2: Steps for Creating Radi
Page 199 and 200: 14. Gather the latest versions of W
Page 201 and 202: The following is the detail record
Page 203 and 204: COMPLETE 'Logins.txt' (md5=A2993744
Page 205 and 206: (md5=A2993744A56BA83ADE52948062C968
Page 207 and 208: 'Schemas.htm' (md5=30BB65A20F1381D7
Page 209 and 210: 22:02:26: Hashing 'wft_cfg.txt' (md
Page 211 and 212: Record any checksum(s) below to lat
Page 213 and 214: 22. Although the extended version o
Page 215 and 216: Appendix 3: Source Code of the Deve
Page 217 and 218: { } else { MessageBox.Show("No read
Page 219 and 220: } } btnConnect.Enabled = true; btnD
Page 221 and 222: MessageBox.Show(this, "Connection t
Page 223 and 224: } } } dwNumEntries = usbRFID.GetNum
Page 225 and 226: add it to the list box LogItem.szID
Page 227 and 228: if(fdialog.FileName != "") { FileSt
Page 229 and 230: private string constr = @"Data Sour
Page 231 and 232: } } else { } catch (Exception ex) {
Page 233 and 234: } } } } insertTagtoDB(TagID, TagVal
Page 235 and 236: } break; case ("Protection"): { uiB
Page 237 and 238: } } } //this.Cursor = Cursors.Defau
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} } btnReadTag.Enabled = false; tmr
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private void insertTagtoDB(string T
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} } } private void btnLOGload_Click
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Step 4: Then, the Tripwire will per
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Similarly, Tripwire user account sh
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Figure A5.5: Installation of the Tr
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Appendix 6: An Example of the Condu
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Sync” allowing the users to confi
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Figure A6.8: RFID Sync Application
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Figure A6.10: Screenshot of writing
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Step 3: Configure the reader’s Ta
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Step 8: Edit the Tripwire configura
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Step 12: Record of the fictitious l
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Step 16: Similarly, check whether t
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Step 20: Check the primary database
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Appendix 7: Steps taken before the
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insert into rfid_log ( Tag, User_da
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Figure A7.3: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.7: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.11: Screenshot of Tripwir
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Step 10: Once Tripwire database was
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Appendix 8: Steps taken after the S
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Step 3: The integrity check was ini
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Figure A8.8: Screenshot of the Trip
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Figure A8.12: Screenshot of the bac
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Figure A9.3: Network Interface Card
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Figure A9.7: Enterprise Version of
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Appendix 10: Screenshots of Forensi
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Appendix 11: Forensically Sterilizi
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Figure A11. 4: Wiping all the secto
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Appendix 12: Steps for Copying and
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Figure A12.6: Acquiring the forensi
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12. However, the acquisition was ca
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15. Then, the original evidence dri
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18. Then, a bad signature file was
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Appendix 13: Artefacts Collected by
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Figure A13.5: Acquired backend SQL
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SQL SERVER - DATABASE SERVER INFORM
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Figure A13.15: Fragment of the acqu
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Figure A13.18: Result of the Acquir
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Figure A13.23: Result of the Acquir
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72CBADAE0A1F9FF34D4A35A9AB26BDB8 Au
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2428169B31C96FE4A767215000AA0008 in
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Appendix 15: WFT Tool Log during th
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06:31:36: Verifying 'sql\runsql.bat
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(md5=A7A43C52521F85BDD6683D9E0E4A00
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(md5=AB700D66945BBC9FBFA34002A808A2
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[DB Configuration] (md5=F416BF7233E
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(md5=FEDD1E9DF1B76C877B8027B62E401B
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06:32:21: Verifying 'xp\mem.exe' OK
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06:32:22: Verifying 'sysinternals\p
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'uptime.htm' (md5=B7456D103CBF5E49F
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'netlgrp.txt' (md5=E6D74D46AECD9692
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06:32:26: Verifying 'cygwin\cygwin1
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'cmdline.txt' (md5=B44C85C704337F00
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06:32:32: Verifying 'netlatency\ser
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06:32:35: Verifying 'diamondcs\ipli
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(md5=BB5127D25439D1B50A305B1CF865FE
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(md5=647578D95B7F3B11B6CCF833E29670
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06:32:41: Verifying 'perl\re.dll' O
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(md5=C4DA0F6D85F641B3E5A0F065AEDB27
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06:33:15: Verifying '2k\res_kit\dum
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[FILE SYSTEM] (md5=E9D558E387FC2208
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06:33:19: Running 'tools\xp\cmd.exe
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06:33:20: Verifying 'tools\xp\cmd.e
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'sys_ini.txt' (md5=B143A6852C9EF93E
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06:33:22: Running 'xp\at.exe' [#132
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06:33:24: Verifying 'microsoft\reg.
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(md5=4380D8F2014A5C35BF59DF30D079F0
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06:34:09: Running 'xp\gpresult.exe'
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06:34:15: Verifying 'microsoft\regd
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06:34:16: Running 'microsoft\reg.ex
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[DONE] SKIPPED (via '-nowrite' para
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'mail.gif' (md5=38477E98FB3ED60B829
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Step 3: The SQL poisoning attack wa
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Appendix 17: Live Acquisition of Ph
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The problem issue was clearly state
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Figure A17.9: Evidence item informa
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Figure A17.13: Successful creation
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Physical Drive Acquisition Report b
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Figure A18.2: Screenshot of the Acq
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Figure A18.4: Screenshots of the Ac
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Figure A19.2b: Screenshot of the In
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Figure A19.5: Screenshot of the lau
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Figure A19.10: Choosing the OS path
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Figure A19.16: Avoiding the tools t
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Figure A19.21a: WFT tool in action
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Figure A19.22b: The acquisition of
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Appendix 20: Extended wftSQL Batchf
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SET /P USERQUESTION=Use currently l
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Appendix 21_Screenshots of Hashing
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Appendix 22: Hash Values Comparison
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DBO_RFIDlog_tblStat_Date.txt Text 4
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IDE_Image.E06 EnCase Image eaa9522a
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Endpoints.htm Web Page d23eef6404ca
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PSLIST.HTM Web Page 79dbea76b982972
Page 431 and 432:
IPXROUTE.HTM Web Page 97d4e1dd9621b
Page 433 and 434:
PSFILE.HTM Web Page d6d58ad5914ef24
Page 435 and 436:
HKLM_RS.HTM Web Page f756a379df8579
Page 437 and 438:
MDM.HTM Web Page a5e04ce095305295ae
Page 439 and 440:
WFT_CFG.TXT Text 1d378b80f8e0e7ea4f
Page 441 and 442:
PCLIP.TXT Text 037130bf88e524d8f61a
Page 443 and 444:
TLIST_V.TXT Text cdf2d49e302522e370
Page 445 and 446:
HUNT.TXT Text 99553ccd8e14cae6db789
Page 447 and 448:
C_hidden.txt Text 5f45b5367c7ed8852
Page 449 and 450:
HKCU_R.TXT Text 9e7b99199b2931e811a
Page 451 and 452:
ARKAR_US.B BASIC Source Code .E01 e
Page 453 and 454:
CollationAndDataType.txt Text 37a07
Page 455 and 456:
RFID_test.md5 45c0868ea943c2171ff35
Page 457 and 458:
errorlog_4.md5 3f7f86d69760b535bd82
Page 459 and 460:
Appendix 23: Analysis of Acquired S
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2010-10-25 12:37:05.56 Server Serve
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2010-10-05 01:22:55.53 Server Detec
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2010-10-07 15:20:54.21 Server Serve
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2010-10-25 12:17:39.26 Server Serve
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2010-10-03 00:59:55.96 Server Dedic
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2010-10-02 00:11:57.85 Server -d C:
Page 473 and 474:
2010-10-02 02:40:05.35 Server SQL S
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2010-10-01 23:20:15.28 Server Dedic
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2010-10-01 23:14:19.50 Server Using
Page 479 and 480:
2010-10-01 23:20:12.40 Server The S
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2010-10-01 23:12:03.65 spid4s Recov
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processed. Likewise, the acquired r
Page 485:
Figure 24A.3: There is no record in
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