Digital Forensics in Small Devices: RFID Tag Investigation

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3.1.7 FORZA – Digital Forensics Investigation Framework that Incorporate Legal Issues Digital Forensics is defined in many different ways and there is no standard definition (Politt, 2004, cited in Ieong, 2006). Likewise, there are several different digital forensic investigation (DFI) procedures mentioned in the previous literature. Some papers discuss the technical aspects in potential evidence data acquisition cases while others focus on the analysis of the acquired data (Brill and Pollitt, 2006, cited in Ieong, 2006). However, different DFI procedures are being developed in order to challenge various technologies used in the compromised systems or the devices under investigation (Ieong, 2006). As a result of the complicated technical procedures, the author (Ieong, 2006, p. S29) mentions that a technical-independent framework is required to thwart the technical gap between legal practitioners, investigators and information technologists. In this paper, “FORZA (FORensics ZAchman framework)”; Ieong (2006) firstly emphasizes the three basic principles of DFI such as Reconnaissance, Reliability, and Relevancy (3R; see Figure 3. 6). Figure 3.6: Digital Forensics Investigation Fundamentals (Ieong, 2006, p. S31) Reconnaissance is one of the principles of DFI, in which a forensic investigator has to use different methods, practices and tools in order “to collect, recover, decode, discover, extract, analyse, and convert data that are kept on different storage media to readable evidence”, whereas Reliability is concerned with the digital evidence that could be non-repudiated and acceptable to a court of law (Ieong, 2006, p. S30). 53
Likewise, Relevancy is related to the values of the potential evidence for the case under investigation. Table 3.1: A high-level view of the FORZA framework (Ieong, 2006, p. S33) Then, the author (Ieong, 2006, p. S29) summarizes “eight different roles and their responsibilities in a digital investigation” after re-examining the tasks need to be performed during an investigation (see Table 3.1). 54
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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iii Acknowledgements This thesis wa
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v Abstract Read/Write Radio Frequen
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vii Table of Contents (Volume 1) De
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ix 3.2.2.2 The POS Entity Security
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xi 4.3.4 Analysis of the Physical D
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xiii List of Tables Table 2.1 Chara
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Figure 4.3: Error encountered durin
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xvii Figure 4.53: Acquisitions of a
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LF Low Frequency xix LLRP Low Level
Page 21 and 22: process (see Chalasani, Boppana, &
Page 23 and 24: of potential evidence after an even
Page 25 and 26: investigation. Likewise, all the re
Page 27 and 28: practices concerned with the forens
Page 29 and 30: defines different types of malware
Page 31 and 32: 2.1.1 RFID Transponders or Tags The
Page 33 and 34: Table 2.1: Characteristics and Clas
Page 35 and 36: Moreover, depending on the complexi
Page 37 and 38: However, according to EPCglobal (El
Page 39 and 40: According to Harmon (2006, pp. 45-4
Page 41 and 42: 2.2.1 Memory Technologies for RFID
Page 43 and 44: y the reader as the tag‟s address
Page 45 and 46: wavelength long and depends on the
Page 47 and 48: Karygiannis et al., (2007, pp. 2-15
Page 49 and 50: attacker can perform eavesdropping
Page 51 and 52: 2.5 RFID STOCK MANAGEMENT SECURITY
Page 53 and 54: Figure 2.15: RFID Business System S
Page 55 and 56: 3.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 - Resear
Page 57 and 58: etrieve data to an external data so
Page 59 and 60: firstly affect the back-end RFID mi
Page 61 and 62: Figure 3.2: Scenario 1 illustration
Page 63 and 64: Unlike SQL Server forensics, the tr
Page 65 and 66: forensic workstation must be prepar
Page 67 and 68: Then, the researcher verified the S
Page 69 and 70: within the affected records”. In
Page 71: can also be found not only in the d
Page 75 and 76: 3.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN In the prev
Page 77 and 78: e investigated for evidence of the
Page 79 and 80: 3.2.2 Review of Problem Areas in RF
Page 81 and 82: participants, the Information Syste
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.3 Case Study The researcher int
Page 85 and 86: 3.2.6 Research Question As stated i
Page 87 and 88: 3.2.8 Data Map Figure 3.9: Data Map
Page 89 and 90: software (see Appendix 4) that can
Page 91 and 92: and Deng (2007) illustrated two eff
Page 93 and 94: system of the target machine (Jones
Page 95 and 96: other collected evidence data by us
Page 97 and 98: SQL Server artefacts (for the purpo
Page 99 and 100: presence of digital evidence after
Page 101 and 102: 4.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 4 - Resear
Page 103 and 104: Figure 4.1: Error encountered durin
Page 105 and 106: server (Figure 4.6) due to the user
Page 107 and 108: Section 4.2 include the snippets of
Page 109 and 110: 4.2.2 Live Extraction of Binaries R
Page 111 and 112: 4.2.3.1 Automated Artefact Collecti
Page 113 and 114: 4.2.3.2 Ad Hoc Artefact Collection
Page 115 and 116: 4.2.3.3.1 Active VLF Data After gat
Page 117 and 118: The acquisition result of ring buff
Page 119 and 120: Depending on the version of the vic
Page 121 and 122: syntax was used to acquire a server
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:out E:\SystemDatabaseRoleMembers.t
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However, according to Fowler (2009,
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After collecting the table statisti
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Thus, the result of the current tab
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4.2.3.4.6 Data Page Allocation Arte
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components of database were enabled
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The record of shutting down the ser
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“application logic and extend the
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4.2.3.6.5 SQL Server Error Logs Usu
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4.2.4 Physical Disk Drive Finally,
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Figure 4.56: Analyzing the image co
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could not. Hence, the artefacts cou
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5.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 5 - Resear
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the laboratory to simulate a RFID t
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and confirmed the database was obvi
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SUMMARY: After analysing all the ac
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all the collected digital evidence
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Table 5.5: Secondary Research Quest
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write blocker (Tableau Forensic USB
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collected digital evidence files (b
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5.2.3 Discussion of Conducted Attac
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forensic work-station (Appendix 10)
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forensic test-station for the inves
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the trusted forensic toolkits. In a
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6.0 INTRODUCTION Chapter 6 - Conclu
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Table 6.1: Specific forensic tools
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the evidential data are the importa
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(Chapter 5; Section 5.3) for both d
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Bolan, C. (2007). A single channel
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El-Said, M. M., & Woodring, I. (200
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Hunt, V. D., Puglia, A., & Puglia,
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Kou, D., Zhao, K., Tao, Y., & Kou,
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Notes in Computer Science 5379(2009
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Tripwire, Inc. (2010a). Tripwire Ma
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Digital Forensics in Small Devices:
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Appendix 1: Volatile and Non-volati
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3 Activity Endpoints* ● md5deep N
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Appendix 2: Steps for Creating Radi
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14. Gather the latest versions of W
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The following is the detail record
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COMPLETE 'Logins.txt' (md5=A2993744
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(md5=A2993744A56BA83ADE52948062C968
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'Schemas.htm' (md5=30BB65A20F1381D7
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22:02:26: Hashing 'wft_cfg.txt' (md
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Record any checksum(s) below to lat
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22. Although the extended version o
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Appendix 3: Source Code of the Deve
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{ } else { MessageBox.Show("No read
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} } btnConnect.Enabled = true; btnD
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MessageBox.Show(this, "Connection t
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} } } dwNumEntries = usbRFID.GetNum
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add it to the list box LogItem.szID
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if(fdialog.FileName != "") { FileSt
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private string constr = @"Data Sour
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} } else { } catch (Exception ex) {
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} } } } insertTagtoDB(TagID, TagVal
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} break; case ("Protection"): { uiB
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} } } //this.Cursor = Cursors.Defau
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} } btnReadTag.Enabled = false; tmr
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private void insertTagtoDB(string T
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} } } private void btnLOGload_Click
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Step 4: Then, the Tripwire will per
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Similarly, Tripwire user account sh
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Figure A5.5: Installation of the Tr
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Appendix 6: An Example of the Condu
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Sync” allowing the users to confi
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Figure A6.8: RFID Sync Application
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Figure A6.10: Screenshot of writing
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Step 3: Configure the reader’s Ta
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Step 8: Edit the Tripwire configura
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Step 12: Record of the fictitious l
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Step 16: Similarly, check whether t
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Step 20: Check the primary database
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Appendix 7: Steps taken before the
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insert into rfid_log ( Tag, User_da
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Figure A7.3: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.7: Pre-keyed data in the
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Figure A7.11: Screenshot of Tripwir
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Step 10: Once Tripwire database was
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Appendix 8: Steps taken after the S
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Step 3: The integrity check was ini
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Figure A8.8: Screenshot of the Trip
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Figure A8.12: Screenshot of the bac
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Figure A9.3: Network Interface Card
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Figure A9.7: Enterprise Version of
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Appendix 10: Screenshots of Forensi
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Appendix 11: Forensically Sterilizi
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Figure A11. 4: Wiping all the secto
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Appendix 12: Steps for Copying and
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Figure A12.6: Acquiring the forensi
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12. However, the acquisition was ca
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15. Then, the original evidence dri
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18. Then, a bad signature file was
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Appendix 13: Artefacts Collected by
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Figure A13.5: Acquired backend SQL
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SQL SERVER - DATABASE SERVER INFORM
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Figure A13.15: Fragment of the acqu
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Figure A13.18: Result of the Acquir
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Figure A13.23: Result of the Acquir
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72CBADAE0A1F9FF34D4A35A9AB26BDB8 Au
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2428169B31C96FE4A767215000AA0008 in
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Appendix 15: WFT Tool Log during th
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06:31:36: Verifying 'sql\runsql.bat
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(md5=A7A43C52521F85BDD6683D9E0E4A00
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(md5=AB700D66945BBC9FBFA34002A808A2
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[DB Configuration] (md5=F416BF7233E
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(md5=FEDD1E9DF1B76C877B8027B62E401B
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06:32:21: Verifying 'xp\mem.exe' OK
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06:32:22: Verifying 'sysinternals\p
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'uptime.htm' (md5=B7456D103CBF5E49F
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'netlgrp.txt' (md5=E6D74D46AECD9692
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06:32:26: Verifying 'cygwin\cygwin1
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'cmdline.txt' (md5=B44C85C704337F00
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06:32:32: Verifying 'netlatency\ser
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06:32:35: Verifying 'diamondcs\ipli
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(md5=BB5127D25439D1B50A305B1CF865FE
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(md5=647578D95B7F3B11B6CCF833E29670
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06:32:41: Verifying 'perl\re.dll' O
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(md5=C4DA0F6D85F641B3E5A0F065AEDB27
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06:33:15: Verifying '2k\res_kit\dum
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[FILE SYSTEM] (md5=E9D558E387FC2208
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06:33:19: Running 'tools\xp\cmd.exe
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06:33:20: Verifying 'tools\xp\cmd.e
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'sys_ini.txt' (md5=B143A6852C9EF93E
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06:33:22: Running 'xp\at.exe' [#132
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06:33:24: Verifying 'microsoft\reg.
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(md5=4380D8F2014A5C35BF59DF30D079F0
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06:34:09: Running 'xp\gpresult.exe'
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06:34:15: Verifying 'microsoft\regd
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06:34:16: Running 'microsoft\reg.ex
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[DONE] SKIPPED (via '-nowrite' para
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'mail.gif' (md5=38477E98FB3ED60B829
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Step 3: The SQL poisoning attack wa
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Appendix 17: Live Acquisition of Ph
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The problem issue was clearly state
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Figure A17.9: Evidence item informa
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Figure A17.13: Successful creation
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Physical Drive Acquisition Report b
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Figure A18.2: Screenshot of the Acq
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Figure A18.4: Screenshots of the Ac
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Figure A19.2b: Screenshot of the In
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Figure A19.5: Screenshot of the lau
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Figure A19.10: Choosing the OS path
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Figure A19.16: Avoiding the tools t
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Figure A19.21a: WFT tool in action
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Figure A19.22b: The acquisition of
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Appendix 20: Extended wftSQL Batchf
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SET /P USERQUESTION=Use currently l
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Appendix 21_Screenshots of Hashing
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Appendix 22: Hash Values Comparison
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DBO_RFIDlog_tblStat_Date.txt Text 4
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IDE_Image.E06 EnCase Image eaa9522a
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Endpoints.htm Web Page d23eef6404ca
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PSLIST.HTM Web Page 79dbea76b982972
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IPXROUTE.HTM Web Page 97d4e1dd9621b
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PSFILE.HTM Web Page d6d58ad5914ef24
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HKLM_RS.HTM Web Page f756a379df8579
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MDM.HTM Web Page a5e04ce095305295ae
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WFT_CFG.TXT Text 1d378b80f8e0e7ea4f
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PCLIP.TXT Text 037130bf88e524d8f61a
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TLIST_V.TXT Text cdf2d49e302522e370
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HUNT.TXT Text 99553ccd8e14cae6db789
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C_hidden.txt Text 5f45b5367c7ed8852
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HKCU_R.TXT Text 9e7b99199b2931e811a
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ARKAR_US.B BASIC Source Code .E01 e
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CollationAndDataType.txt Text 37a07
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RFID_test.md5 45c0868ea943c2171ff35
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errorlog_4.md5 3f7f86d69760b535bd82
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Appendix 23: Analysis of Acquired S
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2010-10-25 12:37:05.56 Server Serve
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2010-10-05 01:22:55.53 Server Detec
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2010-10-07 15:20:54.21 Server Serve
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2010-10-25 12:17:39.26 Server Serve
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2010-10-03 00:59:55.96 Server Dedic
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2010-10-02 00:11:57.85 Server -d C:
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2010-10-02 02:40:05.35 Server SQL S
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2010-10-01 23:20:15.28 Server Dedic
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2010-10-01 23:14:19.50 Server Using
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2010-10-01 23:20:12.40 Server The S
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2010-10-01 23:12:03.65 spid4s Recov
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processed. Likewise, the acquired r
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Figure 24A.3: There is no record in
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