Coming of Age : 1976 and the Road to Anti-Racism

22. See Hall, et al, Defining the Victorian Nation, (2000), 182.
23. L. Tabili, „We Ask for British Justice’: workers and racial difference in late imperial Britain
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), 2 (1994), 3.
24. Tabili, „We Ask for British Justice’, (1994), 2.
25. R. May and R. Cohen, „The Interaction between race and colonialism: a case study of the
Liverpool race riots of 1919‟ Race and Class 16 (1974), 113.
26. TNA CO 323/814 282-283, Lord Milner, „Memorandum on the Repatriation of Coloured Men‟, 23
June 1919.
27. South Wales Daily News, 14 June 1919, 4.
28. Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury, 11 June 1919, 3.
29. Letter from the Clerk of Liverpool Presbytery, Church of England to Liverpool Corporation,
Liverpool Watch Committee Minutes, 8 July 1919.
30. Report from the Daily Graphic reprinted in the Liverpool Courier, 12 June 1919, 3.
31. N. Evans, „Across the racial violence: racial violence in the post-war crisis in imperial Britain 1919-
1925‟ in D. Frost, Ethnic Labour and British Imperial Trade: a history of ethnic seafarers in the United
Kingdom (Frank Cass, 1995), 28.
32. Hercules was also associate secretary of the African Progress Union. Hercules was an outspoken
critic of the British government during the seaport riots and later toured the Caribbean to raise support
for the SPAO. See P. Fryer, Staying Power: a history of black people in Britain (Pluto Press, 1984), 313-4.
33. Report of the SPAO meeting in the Liverpool Courier, 16 June 1919, 8.
34. Evening Times, (Glasgow) 19 June 1919, 1.
35. African Telegraph, (London), 3 (July-August 1919), 243.
36. Daily Record, (Glasgow) 25 June 1919, 8.
37. ARAG affiliated with the West African Students Union in 1928. The latter London-based
organisation was formed in 1925. For more information, see I. Geiss, The Pan-African Movement.
(Methuen, 1974), 299
38. N. Evans, „The South Wales Race Riots of 1919‟, Llafur 3 (Spring 1980), 20.
39. TNA, CO 318/349, Enclosure in Government Despatch 1 October 1919: Petition by 44 signatories
to Colonel. Bryan, Acting Governor of Jamaica, 29 August 1919. For further discussion of this petition
see, R. Smith, Jamaican Volunteers in the First World War: race, masculinity and the development of the
national consciousness, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 143-144.
40. South Wales Echo, 14 June 1919, 1.
41. Western Mail, (Cardiff), 19 June 1919, 7.
42. See chapter three for more on the violence between black and Chinese sailors in Hull in 1919.
43. South Wales Argus, 14 June 1919, 4.
44. Evening Times, (Glasgow) 19 June 1919, 1.
45. The longevity of such divisions is discussed in the journal of the League of Coloured Peoples, The
Keys, (London). See issues 2/2 (Oct. - Dec., 1934) 22, and 4/2 (Oct. - Dec. 1936), 16. The Keys: the organ
of the League of Coloured Peoples was reprinted in a single volume with an introduction by Roderick J.
MacDonald (New York, 1976).
46. See P. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: modernity and double consciousness (Verso Books, 1993), 2.
47. C. McKay, Banjo: a story without a plot (New York: Harper Brothers Publishers, 1929), 101.
48. N. Evans, „Red Summers 1917-1919‟, History Today 51 /2, (Feb. 2001), 28.
49. Evans, „Red Summers‟, (2001), 31.
50. J. Horne, „Immigrant workers in France during World War One‟ French Historical Studies 14/1
(Spring 1985), 80.
51. R. Segal, The Race War, (Penguin, 1967), 230.
52. A.D. Grimshaw, „Actions of the Police and the Military in American Race Riots‟, Phylon, 24/2
(1963), 272
53. A rare exception is J. Stevenson, British Society 1914-45 (Penguin, 1988), 98, which contains a
passing reference to the riots.
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