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Public Safety Continued a structured and independent project safety review (PSR) process for all major railway transit and road projects. The adoption of the PSR is to ensure that the transit/road system in Singapore is designed and constructed to achieve a high level of safety. Principle of the Independent Safety Assessment As noted above, the most modern approach to safety is through the ISA concept. Basically, this is focused on the requirements of legislation concerned with health and safety. We can perhaps agree that it is not possible that the developer could install a modern transit system without a well-defined safety-management process. An assessment of the installation comprises many critical components that are largely concerned with users’ safety. Thus, the ISA adoption becomes one of the key elements in the safety-management process. This may be the best practice by which to demonstrate that the installation is safe. In considering the minimum level of safety-assessment independence, most codes require the safety assessor involved in any overall safety life-cycle activity, including management activities, to have no conflict of interest in the development of the system. The independent safety assessor who undertakes this type of work should include an independent review of the safety management processes being adopted and implemented in the production of the safety justification and an independent review of all identified hazards associated with the system. The reviews ensure that all risks in the system have been identified and are being managed properly. They also provide all the safety documentation – for example, in a safety case, to determine whether the installation complies with the legislative requirements and to acquire confidence to the owner and approval authority that the installation fulfils the specified safety criteria. Safety Management Process A safety management process provides guidelines for safety assessment on the design, construction, test and commissioning phases of transit-system development. It provides confirmation that all safety-critical subsystems have been designed using the safety principles as defined in the relevant common standards. This confirmation shall be established by submitting evidence that an independent safety review has been conducted to establish conformance to the safety principles. The independent review may be performed either by an outside certifying body or an independent reviewer within a different business center of the developer’s organization in line with international standards such as IEC 61508 Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems or EN 50128 and EN 50129 for railway applications. In Singapore, LTA has adopted the PSR process to ensure that transit-system developers have adequate 60 ELEVATOR WORLD <strong>India</strong> • 4th Quarter 2010 • commitments and resources to manage effectively manage safety. The fundamental element of the PSR is the safety submissions, through which the developer shall be required to demonstrate “proof of safety” at each phase of the project. The proof that hazards associated with the system are properly mitigated and closed is based on evidence gathered from tests, inspections and validation. All safety submissions are subject to a review process and must be formally endorsed/accepted by LTA. A typical safety-management process is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: A safety management process Safety Audit It is essential that the safety-management system itself is regularly and rigorously audited. This is the purpose of a quality-assurance system in accordance with the international quality standard ISO 9001 or its national equivalent. Auditing is an ongoing process to ensure that the safety-management system and procedures are appropriate and sufficient. As can be seen from Figure 1, in some circumstances, the ISA is performed concurrently with the quality audit through all the stages of the project to ensure completeness and a high quality of safety management.
Discussion We have mainly discussed the key elements pertinent to ISA and its relationship with the safety-management system process in the transit industry. We now need to discuss what requirements have been in place in the elevator/escalator industry, since it is somewhat different in comparison with the railway transit industry. Usually, it has been quite clear in most countries’ statutory requirements for elevator/escalator installations to require an independent individual or QEI to conduct the safety inspection prior to the installation entering service. The inspection will determine whether the elevator/escalator installation complies with the applicable statutory safety requirements. However, since there is no unique inspecting standard for the independent individual to follow, the method used by the individual might be based on his or her practice, knowledge and experience. Hence, we can see that the end result of the inspection would be different between each individual. As noted above, we must examine the context of justification made by the individual and how satisfied he or she is that the overall elevator/escalator installation is safe. Obviously, from the individual’s viewpoint, if the installation is in compliance with the prescribed statutory requirements together with the required evidence (such as component-type test reports, etc.), the installation is likely to be accepted as safe to use. However, if we look from the prescriptive of the risk-assessment approach, we realize that such justification should not be relied on the purely physical inspection. Some safety requirements, particularly those applied to components that are related to elevator/escalator’s operating safety (for example, cardoor interlocks, safety gears, overspeed governors, etc.) may require a safety-management process to manage the requirements through the elevator/escalator production and installation life cycle. In this circumstance, it is essential that the developer be assured that the elevator/escalator production has been conducted and that an independent safety review and audit at each phase has been performed in a systematic, orderly and documented manner. The developer should also know that the testing and commissioning have proven that the installation is safe. It is suggested that steps as adopted in the safety management process (Figure 1) can be referenced as a model for the safety integrity of a complete elevator/escalator installation. � # " ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ® THE PEELLE COMPANY LTD. FREIGHT DOORS I CAR GATES I CAR ENCLOSURES Experience Versatility. Contact Peelle and T 905 846 4545 F 1 905 846 2161 www.peelledoor.com exportsales@peelledoor.com Experience Versatility • Issue 4, Volume 3 • elevatorworldindia.com 61
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