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Mattar, M.: Omissions and Gaps: From the United Nations Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings. Conference: From the United Nations Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings: Recent Development and New Challenges. March 25, 2006. Johns Hopkins University (SAIS), Bologna Center Mattar, M.: Comparative Models of Reporting Mechanisms on the Status of Trafficking in Human Beings, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 41. Number 5, November 2008. Obokata, T.: Trafficking and Smuggling of Refugees from a Human Rights Perspective. Paper presented to the International Conference on Refugees and International Law: The Challenge of Protection (Conference presentation 15-16 December 2006, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford) Obokata, T.: Trafficking in Human Beings as a Crime against Humanity: Some Implications of the International Legal System, in International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 2005 Obokata, T.: Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective – towards a holistic approach. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, the Hague, 2006 ODIHR: Trafficking in Human Beings: implications for the OSCE. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe r eview conference, September 1999, ODIHR background paper 1999/3 OSCE Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour: Identification – Prevention – Prosecution Report of the 3rd Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Conferences on Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour. Vienna, 7 and 8 November 2005 OSCE: Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour: Prosecution of Offenders, Justice for Victims. Report of the 5 th Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Conferences on Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour Vienna, 16 and 17 November 2006. OSCE: Occasional Paper Series n. 1. A Summary of Challenges: Facing Legal Responses to Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the OSCE Region, Vienna, 2007 Pereira, S. and Vasconcelos, J.: Human Trafficking and Forced Labour - Case studies and responses from Portugal, ILO, Geneva, 2008 Plant, R.: The Labour Dimension of Human Trafficking. Alliance against trafficking in persons, ILO; Vienna, 2004 169
Piotrowicz, R.: Trafficking of Human Beings and their Human Rights in the Migration Context, in Cholewinski, R.; Perruchoud, R. and MacDonald, E.: International Migration Law – developing paradigms and key challenges, Asser Press, the Hague, 2007 Piotrowicz, R.: Trafficking in Human Beings – Developments in Protection: is there a traffic jam? Presentation delivered at the Round Table on International Migration Law and Migration Policies in the Mediterranean Context. The International Institute of Humanitarian Law. San Remo, Italy. 16 th Dec. 2008. Puleo, J.: The Negotiation Process, intervention in the Conference: ten years after the institution of the ad hoc inter-governmental committee for the elaboration of the Palermo protocol, Palermo: 21-22 May 2009 Reichel, P.L.: Cross-National Collaboration to Combat Human Trafficking Learning From The Experience Of Others, National Institute for Justice Research Paper, US, 2008 Rijken, C.; Koster, D.: A Human Rights Based Approach to Trafficking in Human Beings in Theory and Practice, 2008, at www.papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1135108 Rossi, E.: Intervention in the Conference: ten years after the institution of the ad hoc inter-governmental committee for the elaboration of the Palermo protocol, Palermo: 21-22 May 2009 Savona, E.U.; Stefanizzi, S.: Measuring Human Trafficking, complexities and pitfalls, Springer, 2007 Scarpa, S.: Trafficking in Human Beings – modern slavery, Oxford University Press, UK, 2008 Shelley, L.I.: Trafficking in women: the business model approach, Brown Journal of International Affairs, vol. X, No. I (2003) Skrivankova, K.: Trafficking for Forced Labour UK Country Report”, London, Anti Slavery International, 2006. Symonides, J.: (ed.), Human Rights: Concepts and Standards, UNESCO, Asghate, Paris, 2000 Truong, T-D. and Angeles, M.B.: Searching for Best Practices to Counter Human Trafficking in Africa: A Focus on Women and Children, UNESCO, Paris, 2005, SHS/2005/PI/H/2/REV Truong, T-D.: Poverty, Gender and Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa: Rethinking Best Practices in Migration Management, UNESCO, Paris, 2006, SHS/CCT/2006/ PI/H/1 170
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United Nations Educational, Scienti
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UNESCO migration studies 3 Series e
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Human Rights Law 66 Development of
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Note on Author Kristina Touzenis ha
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countries with economies in transit
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nonetheless these instruments mark
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The legal aspect of traffi cking is
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enhanced knowledge of the phenomeno
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Broadly speaking, poverty, unemploy
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Considering the complexity of the p
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The perhaps most innovative report
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THE WAY FORWARD IN POSSIBLE RESEARC
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and considers the consent of the
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35 Organizing or directing others t
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TRAFFICKING AND SMUGGLING - AN IMPO
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often be diffi cult for law enforce
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group argued that ’traffi cking
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ecruitments agency’s responsibili
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workers to authorities if they refu
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The Travaux Préparatories, in para
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Forced labour Bonded labour and deb
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ILO Declaration on Fundamental Prin
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and servitude clarifi es that while
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sex industry is frequently illegal
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idea that traffi cking for forced p
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labour exploitation and services ar
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Criminal Law Traffi cking and smugg
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treatment. 131 In A v. United Kingd
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circumstances, including offences i
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supply and demand in the traffi cki
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from a traffi cking ordeal is compa
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Common criminal off ences Traffi ck
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The gravity of traffi cking is perh
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Human Rights Law It has widely been
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makes the obvious evident - the Pro
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Members of the Human Rights Caucus,
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3) examining the possibilities of g
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particular about their legal rights
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support person and interpreter, are
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Interaction with the TOC in witness
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and profi ts are hardly ever traced
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provisions made for the victims’
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occurs in the context of organized
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shall adopt appropriate legislative
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case is that the Court emphasised t
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OTHER RELEVANT HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUM
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of the Child on the sale of childre
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PREVENTION - A HOLISTIC APPROACH Ad
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Studies have revealed how, througho
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Traffi cking in persons is - like a
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It thus results that any effective
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epresent confusion or disagreement.
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ealisation of the right to food. 28
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y state agents, (the duty on the St
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must also be sensitized to the para
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One of the three purposes of the Tr
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cases where it has been established
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victims compensation fund. Traffi c
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Protection and support for the traf
Page 119 and 120: their territories until the identif
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Page 123 and 124: of human rights and may even in som
Page 125 and 126: Current policy for counteracting hu
Page 127 and 128: The contemporary regulation of huma
Page 129 and 130: of a residence permit and the right
Page 131 and 132: measures. The question of whether o
Page 133 and 134: availability of legal and sustainab
Page 135 and 136: ut nonetheless refl ects the kind o
Page 137 and 138: Current Trends in Traffi cking The
Page 139 and 140: There is still a lack of quantitati
Page 141 and 142: traffi cking are embedded in social
Page 143 and 144: further below). Most identifi ed hu
Page 145 and 146: In the construction sector: Exploit
Page 147 and 148: harms. At the same time, if one avo
Page 149 and 150: protection laws. Such differences b
Page 151 and 152: guards, labour inspectors, immigrat
Page 153 and 154: The fact that there are very few pr
Page 155 and 156: evidence to prove the crime and to
Page 157 and 158: Hence, migration departments and la
Page 159 and 160: The Recommended Principles and Guid
Page 161 and 162: traffi cking. Such cooperative mech
Page 163 and 164: prevention including respect for so
Page 165 and 166: To sign and ratify the Protocol to
Page 167 and 168: victims may be based on different f
Page 169: Fekete, L.: Canary Island Tragedy:
Page 173 and 174: UNODC: Global Patterns in Human Tra
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