A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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Homoian faith as a price for his support. The Nicene faith had become theofficial religious policy of the empire, upheld by Valentinian, the late Maximusand Theodosius alike. Theodosius was clearly in charge, and having taken upresidence in Milan, he was in a position to consolidate his faith in the west. Hecould be sure of the support of Ambrose, but which of them would prove thedominant partner in the relationship was still to be decided.
IXTHE ASSAULT ON PAGANISMWHEN Justina and Valentinian fled to Thessalonika, they brought Valentinian’syoung sister Galla with them. The pagan writer Zosimus later recorded that nosooner had Theodosius cast his lustful eye on the young girl than he determinedto marry her. The truth is probably more prosaic: Theodosius had recently beenwidowed, and the dynastic advantages of linking himself by marriage to his coemperor’sfamily were obvious. It seems clear that Theodosius was developingacute political skills. His compromise treaty with the Goths and his readiness toconsider a religious settlement based on a consensus of theological views - the‘council of the sects’ in 383 - suggest flexibility. He seems to have known whencompassion was justified, and while he had no inhibitions about ordering theexecution of Maximus and that of his small son, Victor, who had remained inGaul, he protected the rest of Maximus’ family. Even though he was faced withthe evidence that many leading men in Italy and Gaul had abandoned Valentinianin favour of Maximus, he did not launch a witchhunt against them. One canbegin to see a man who was learning how to carry out the complex and oftenimpossible task of ruling an empire under threat without intensifying discontent.Now, in the autumn of 388, Theodosius was in Milan. He was to remain therefor three years, leaving the eastern empire in the hands of his son Arcadius and atrusted set of praetorian prefects and proconsuls. Theodosius knew that so longas he did not directly challenge Valentinian’s status, he was unlikely to bedislodged, and his long-term plans might well have been to emerge as emperorin the west. He would, however, have to make a relationship with Ambrose. Thetwo men first met when Theodosius arrived for a service in the cathedral and,following eastern practice, expected to join the clergy for communion. Ambrose,who was insistent on keeping the Church distinct from the court, was forced torebuff him. It was a deeply embarrassing moment and showed just how poorlydefined the relationship between Church and state remained. And it was not longbefore Ambrose took the opportunity to point out to the emperor his ‘Christian’duty.In 388 Theodosius had been irritated by a request for advice from a local
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Table of ContentsTitle PageCopyrigh
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For my children, Barney, Issie, Tom
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PREFACEIN 1999 I signed a contract
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case discussed in this book, one ca
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to ask which of the enormously wide
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centred introduction to critical th
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essential. The Trinity consists of
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discussion of spiritual matters was
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borders, which ran along the rivers
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Valentinian’s own commanders were
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of booty from further raiding. Duri
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of the major cities of the east. As
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IITHE DIVINE EMPERORIN 363, the cou
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Constantine is God’s viceregent o
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Rome in 357, the first time he had
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result that a complex of interlocki
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the first time, a budget could be p
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The events of the next three years
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circumstances, Themistius’ panegy
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IIIFREE SPEECH IN THE CLASSICAL WOR
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be counterproductive. Diodotus went
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of the Forms. Once they had underst
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Even though only a tiny proportion
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and imagery of the Bible. He was re
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others of one’s own beliefs, and
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IVTHE COMING OF THE CHRISTIAN STATE
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Irenaeus, bishop of the (Greek-spea
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forward an alternative tradition of
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important provinces of Egypt and Sy
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Hill. These buildings were plain on
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his ‘betrayal’ would have to be
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included) is a collection of a very
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philosophy, not from scripture. It
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reinstated in his bishopric in 327,
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However, mainstream Christian teach
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somewhere between God and the mater
Page 80 and 81: AD 200. In Tertullian’s Trinity,
Page 82 and 83: discussions about the way in which
Page 84 and 85: Church was now firmly embedded with
Page 86 and 87: Creator. The incarnation of this fu
Page 88 and 89: of Megara, Simonides, and Pindar, a
Page 90 and 91: to the Nicenes, he kept his persona
Page 92 and 93: VITHE SWANSONG OF FREE SPEECH: THE
Page 94 and 95: Each year in April the grain ships
Page 96 and 97: about the issues openly - when Greg
Page 98 and 99: McGluckin suggests that Gregory may
Page 100 and 101: linking of soul to body, of intelle
Page 102 and 103: Jesus that suffers alongside a divi
Page 104 and 105: unaware that behind Maximus lay the
Page 106 and 107: VIICONSTANTINOPLE, 381: THE IMPOSIT
Page 108 and 109: have been used loosely of subordina
Page 110 and 111: and Antioch without a bishop. The a
Page 112 and 113: majority of the Nicene bishops by b
Page 114 and 115: not yet consecrated) and Alexandria
Page 116 and 117: 381 and allowing the Church as a wh
Page 118 and 119: his own and that he put in place as
Page 120 and 121: his ideas on the Trinity, but then
Page 122 and 123: was afraid of.In 379, Ambrose met t
Page 124 and 125: Instead of the great council of the
Page 126 and 127: Arcadius the status of an Augustus
Page 128 and 129: faith, they issued a law on 23 Janu
Page 132 and 133: governor concerning the sacking of
Page 134 and 135: spaces’ - in other words, to keep
Page 136 and 137: Certainly Theodosius had become awa
Page 138 and 139: restored into the 380s, but shortly
Page 140 and 141: Serapis. Symmachus’ son married N
Page 142 and 143: threatening Attila with death if he
Page 144 and 145: XEPIPHANIUS’ WITCHHUNTDURING the
Page 146 and 147: the use of allegory; he accepted th
Page 148 and 149: come to Bethlehem to work on his tr
Page 150 and 151: that in Christ I am as submissive t
Page 152 and 153: boundaries of orthodoxy were consta
Page 154 and 155: The use of the law to provide a res
Page 156 and 157: followed. When, in 457, the emperor
Page 158 and 159: Similar examples are recorded of th
Page 160 and 161: carried out miracles and as human w
Page 162 and 163: also in 435, it decreed ‘that Ire
Page 164 and 165: imperial officials now drew up thei
Page 166 and 167: Justinian also tried to find a solu
Page 168 and 169: the west - but these could be treat
Page 170 and 171: of Paul. In the Greek world, in the
Page 172 and 173: can only be made righteous through
Page 174 and 175: saved. Why God picks out anyone fro
Page 176 and 177: trust in God and the authority of t
Page 178 and 179: subordinate being to one who does t
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was no Trinity, so little does the
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writing at a time of political and
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XIIICOLLAPSE IN THE CHRISTIAN WESTA
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of a high standard. Excavations sho
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power was the conversions of Arian
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has perished from among us and no o
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formula in his calculation of the
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programme was one of renovatio, ‘
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XIVFAITH, REASON AND THE TRINITYWIT
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was the most prestigious - teachers
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is no progress... This is the sure
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reasoned defence of the Trinity and
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the doctrine of the Trinity could b
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CONCLUSIONWe must not see the fact
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Torrance’s argument is presented
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doctrine of the human and divine na
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which the relationships between God
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historical reality, that the Nicene
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come again to judge the living and
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NOTES1 For details, see Select Bibl
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Chapter Two: The Divine Emperor1 I
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Chapter Three: Free Speech in the C
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Chapter Four: The Coming of the Chr
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Chapter Five: True God from True Go
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Chapter Six: The Swansong of Free S
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Chapter Eight: Ambrose and the Poli
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them back on to the bodies of the f
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over Origen and warn their flocks o
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Chapter Eleven: Enforcing the Law1
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30 For the Council of Constantinopl
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15 Gunton, p.39. It was argued by I
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eastern monastery at this period, o
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15 Quoted in Bainton, p.24.16 Israe
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYNote: the easies
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Fossier, Robert (ed.), The Cambridg
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Mackay, Christopher S., Ancient Rom
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Philadelphia, 2002.Van Dam, Raymond
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Ambrose, Bishop of Milan and afterl
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democratic approach to knowledgeemp
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BalkansbaptismBarnabas, epistle ofB
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earlyoral traditionsand Septuagintt
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called traditoresexemption from tax
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Nicene Creed revisedresponsibility
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continuing debatedebate on Jesus’
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Evodius of UzalisExodus, Book offai
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Godheaddistinctions withinnature of
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Gregory the Great, Popeand Councils
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Ibas, Bishop of EdessaIgnatius, Bis
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proclaims Peter as rockrelationship
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and Council of Ephesusmeets Attila
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defeatexecutionNicene faithand Pris
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Latin terminologylegal imposition (
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papacy, exiled to Avignonpapal juri
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Quadi tribeRahner, KarlRavenna, lib
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taxation systemviolence in conquest
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Sirmium creed (357)slavery, institu
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as co-emperorCouncil of Constantino
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works, burnedtheology, GreekTheophi
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Valentinian II, co-EmperorAmbrose o
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A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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