A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

15 Quoted in Bainton, p.24.
16 Israel, p.63. For the revival of religious toleration, see in particular Chapter
Six, ‘Locke, Bayle, and Spinoza: A Contest of Three Toleration Doctrines’.
Conclusion
1 An excellent introduction to Torrance is McGrath, T. F. Torrance. The first
quotation is from a lecture given by Torrance entitled ‘The Christian Doctrine of
Revelation’ and quoted in ibid., p.135. The second quotation comes from
Torrance, p.153.
2 Torrance, p.30.
3 See ibid., pp.236-42. In their attempts to rebut charges that they were teaching
three gods, the Cappadocians created ‘a damaging distinction between the Deity
of the Father as wholly underived or “uncaused” and the deity of the Son and the
Spirit as eternally derived or “caused”’ (p.238).
4 Ibid., pp.244-7. As Athanasius died in 373 and there is no record that
Epiphanius attended the Council of Constantinople, the process by which those
meeting at Constantinople might have taken over Epiphanius’ ‘credal statement
about the Holy Spirit’ and incorporated it into their creed is not clear. Note also
the view of many scholars that ‘the credal statement’ is a later insertion.
5 See ‘Orthodox Catholicism in the West’, pp.349-57 in Pelikan, The Christian
Tradition.
6 Gwatkin, p.266.
7 Crane and Farkas.
8 See, for instance, the essays in Buxton.
9 Of course, one can take this challenge back to the re-emergence of Aristotle in
the thirteenth century, but Aristotle was absorbed as one more form of
authoritarian dogma while Galileo and Newton, inter alia, were genuinely able to
extend the scope of what could be known. In his Aristotelean Explorations,
Geoffrey Lloyd shows how Aristotle always accepted the provisionality of
knowledge. New facts could always challenge old theories. While Aristotle
would doubtless have been glad to have been brought back into the western