A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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historical reality, that the Nicene Trinity was imposed from above on the Churchby an emperor, disappeared from the record. A harmonised version of whathappened at the Council of Constantinople, highlighting a consensus for whichthere is little historical evidence, concealed the enforcement of the doctrine ofthe Nicene Trinity through the medium of imperial legislation. The aim of thisbook has been to reveal what has been concealed. Arguably, the year AD 381deserves to be seen as one of the most important moments in the history ofEuropean thought.
APPENDIX: THE CREEDS OF NICAEA (325),CONSTANTINOPLE (381) AND ATHANASIUS(c.430?)THE following is the creed passed at Nicaea:We believe in one God Father Almighty Maker of all things, seen and unseen:And in one Lord Jesus Christ the Son of God, begotten as only-begotten of theFather, that is of the substance (ousia) of the Father, God from God, Light ofLight, true God of true God, begotten not made, consubstantial (homoousios)with the Father, through whom all things came into existence, both things inheaven and things on earth: who for us men and for our salvation came downand was incarnate and became man, suffered and rose again on the third day,ascended into the heavens, is coming to judge the living and the dead:And in the Holy Spirit.But those who say ‘there was a time when he did not exist’ [e.g. Arius and hisfollowers], and ‘Before being begotten he did not exist’, and that he came intobeing from non-existence, or who allege that the Son of God is of anotherhypostasis or ousia, or is alterable or changeable, these the Catholic andApostolic Church condemns.The creed passed at Constantinople in 381 runs as follows:We believe in one God Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth and allthings, seen and unseen;And in one Lord Jesus Christ the Son of God, the Only-begotten, begotten byhis Father before all ages, Light from Light, true God from true God, begottennot made, consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father, through whom all thingscame into existence, who for us men and for our salvation came down from theheavens and became incarnate by the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary andbecame a man, and was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate and suffered andwas buried and rose again on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures andascended into the heavens and is seated at the right hand of the Father and will
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Table of ContentsTitle PageCopyrigh
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For my children, Barney, Issie, Tom
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PREFACEIN 1999 I signed a contract
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case discussed in this book, one ca
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to ask which of the enormously wide
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centred introduction to critical th
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essential. The Trinity consists of
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discussion of spiritual matters was
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borders, which ran along the rivers
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Valentinian’s own commanders were
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of booty from further raiding. Duri
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of the major cities of the east. As
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IITHE DIVINE EMPERORIN 363, the cou
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Constantine is God’s viceregent o
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Rome in 357, the first time he had
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result that a complex of interlocki
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the first time, a budget could be p
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The events of the next three years
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circumstances, Themistius’ panegy
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IIIFREE SPEECH IN THE CLASSICAL WOR
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be counterproductive. Diodotus went
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of the Forms. Once they had underst
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Even though only a tiny proportion
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and imagery of the Bible. He was re
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others of one’s own beliefs, and
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IVTHE COMING OF THE CHRISTIAN STATE
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Irenaeus, bishop of the (Greek-spea
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forward an alternative tradition of
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important provinces of Egypt and Sy
Page 66 and 67:
Hill. These buildings were plain on
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his ‘betrayal’ would have to be
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included) is a collection of a very
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philosophy, not from scripture. It
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reinstated in his bishopric in 327,
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However, mainstream Christian teach
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somewhere between God and the mater
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AD 200. In Tertullian’s Trinity,
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discussions about the way in which
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Church was now firmly embedded with
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Creator. The incarnation of this fu
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of Megara, Simonides, and Pindar, a
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to the Nicenes, he kept his persona
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VITHE SWANSONG OF FREE SPEECH: THE
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Each year in April the grain ships
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about the issues openly - when Greg
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McGluckin suggests that Gregory may
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linking of soul to body, of intelle
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Jesus that suffers alongside a divi
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unaware that behind Maximus lay the
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VIICONSTANTINOPLE, 381: THE IMPOSIT
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have been used loosely of subordina
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and Antioch without a bishop. The a
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majority of the Nicene bishops by b
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not yet consecrated) and Alexandria
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381 and allowing the Church as a wh
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his own and that he put in place as
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his ideas on the Trinity, but then
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was afraid of.In 379, Ambrose met t
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Instead of the great council of the
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Arcadius the status of an Augustus
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faith, they issued a law on 23 Janu
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Homoian faith as a price for his su
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governor concerning the sacking of
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spaces’ - in other words, to keep
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Certainly Theodosius had become awa
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restored into the 380s, but shortly
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Serapis. Symmachus’ son married N
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threatening Attila with death if he
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XEPIPHANIUS’ WITCHHUNTDURING the
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the use of allegory; he accepted th
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come to Bethlehem to work on his tr
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that in Christ I am as submissive t
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boundaries of orthodoxy were consta
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The use of the law to provide a res
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followed. When, in 457, the emperor
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Similar examples are recorded of th
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carried out miracles and as human w
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also in 435, it decreed ‘that Ire
Page 164 and 165: imperial officials now drew up thei
Page 166 and 167: Justinian also tried to find a solu
Page 168 and 169: the west - but these could be treat
Page 170 and 171: of Paul. In the Greek world, in the
Page 172 and 173: can only be made righteous through
Page 174 and 175: saved. Why God picks out anyone fro
Page 176 and 177: trust in God and the authority of t
Page 178 and 179: subordinate being to one who does t
Page 180 and 181: was no Trinity, so little does the
Page 182 and 183: writing at a time of political and
Page 184 and 185: XIIICOLLAPSE IN THE CHRISTIAN WESTA
Page 186 and 187: of a high standard. Excavations sho
Page 188 and 189: power was the conversions of Arian
Page 190 and 191: has perished from among us and no o
Page 192 and 193: formula in his calculation of the
Page 194 and 195: programme was one of renovatio, ‘
Page 196 and 197: XIVFAITH, REASON AND THE TRINITYWIT
Page 198 and 199: was the most prestigious - teachers
Page 200 and 201: is no progress... This is the sure
Page 202 and 203: reasoned defence of the Trinity and
Page 204 and 205: the doctrine of the Trinity could b
Page 206 and 207: CONCLUSIONWe must not see the fact
Page 208 and 209: Torrance’s argument is presented
Page 210 and 211: doctrine of the human and divine na
Page 212 and 213: which the relationships between God
Page 216 and 217: come again to judge the living and
Page 218 and 219: NOTES1 For details, see Select Bibl
Page 220 and 221: Chapter Two: The Divine Emperor1 I
Page 222 and 223: Chapter Three: Free Speech in the C
Page 224 and 225: Chapter Four: The Coming of the Chr
Page 226 and 227: Chapter Five: True God from True Go
Page 228 and 229: Chapter Six: The Swansong of Free S
Page 230 and 231: Chapter Eight: Ambrose and the Poli
Page 232 and 233: them back on to the bodies of the f
Page 234 and 235: over Origen and warn their flocks o
Page 236 and 237: Chapter Eleven: Enforcing the Law1
Page 238 and 239: 30 For the Council of Constantinopl
Page 240 and 241: 15 Gunton, p.39. It was argued by I
Page 242 and 243: eastern monastery at this period, o
Page 244 and 245: 15 Quoted in Bainton, p.24.16 Israe
Page 246 and 247: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYNote: the easies
Page 248 and 249: Fossier, Robert (ed.), The Cambridg
Page 250 and 251: Mackay, Christopher S., Ancient Rom
Page 252 and 253: Philadelphia, 2002.Van Dam, Raymond
Page 254 and 255: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan and afterl
Page 256 and 257: democratic approach to knowledgeemp
Page 258 and 259: BalkansbaptismBarnabas, epistle ofB
Page 260 and 261: earlyoral traditionsand Septuagintt
Page 262 and 263: called traditoresexemption from tax
Page 264 and 265:
Nicene Creed revisedresponsibility
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continuing debatedebate on Jesus’
Page 268 and 269:
Evodius of UzalisExodus, Book offai
Page 270 and 271:
Godheaddistinctions withinnature of
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Gregory the Great, Popeand Councils
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Ibas, Bishop of EdessaIgnatius, Bis
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proclaims Peter as rockrelationship
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and Council of Ephesusmeets Attila
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defeatexecutionNicene faithand Pris
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Latin terminologylegal imposition (
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papacy, exiled to Avignonpapal juri
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Quadi tribeRahner, KarlRavenna, lib
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taxation systemviolence in conquest
Page 290 and 291:
Sirmium creed (357)slavery, institu
Page 292 and 293:
as co-emperorCouncil of Constantino
Page 294 and 295:
works, burnedtheology, GreekTheophi
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Valentinian II, co-EmperorAmbrose o
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A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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