A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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boundaries of orthodoxy were constantly shifting, each side was ready to exploittheir opponents’ fears. Theodosius was shrewd enough to include the threat ofdivine punishment for those who defied his decrees. But no free debate can takeplace if the participants risk being condemned to eternal suffering for suggestingideas that Church or state might then denounce as heretical. 16
XIENFORCING THE LAWWITH heresy now defined, the active suppression of heretics gathered pace. Onecan trace the process by telling the story of the last years of Eunomius, knownfor his thoughtful advocacy of the ‘unlikeness’ of Father and Son. In 380,Eunomius had been able to preach freely at Chalcedon, where he had attracted alarge following. He was still free to participate in the council that Theodosiuscalled to Constantinople in 383 after strong opposition to Nicaea had forced theemperor to rethink his policy. By chance, Eunomius’ submission has survived. Init, he spelled out in detail his view that the Son must be a later creation anddistinct from God the Father. He concluded with the hope that his detractorswould be condemned by the emperor. He must have been aware that his pleaswere unlikely to be listened to, but whatever the pressures placed on him,Eunomius was not prepared to compromise on his intellectual integrity. 1With the reassertion of Nicene orthodoxy in 383, Theodosius moved moreresolutely against the Eunomians. On 25 July 383, Eunomius was placed first ina decree that forbade Eunomians, and other named congregations, fromassembling or building places of worship; six months later, another decree calledfor the confiscation of any existing property and the expulsion of all Eunomianclergy. One of his admirers, the historian Philostorgius, recorded that Eunomiuswas now forced to teach in secret: his church had become an undergroundorganisation. Remarkably, Eunomius still had his contacts within the court ofTheodosius himself, and while Theodosius was dealing with Valentinian andMaximus, he seems to have turned a blind eye to their presence. But when newsreached him in Milan that there were Eunomians among the eunuchs of theimperial bedchamber, the emperor reacted with a further law in May 389 thattreated these men as traitors. In the summer, Eunomius himself was arrested andexiled to Caesarea, the capital of Cappadocia, where he was allowed to live onan estate outside the town. After Theodosius’ death, there were further lawsagainst the Eunomians, and their documents could be searched for and burned.Eunomius was moved to a monastery, where he died in 396.
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Table of ContentsTitle PageCopyrigh
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For my children, Barney, Issie, Tom
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PREFACEIN 1999 I signed a contract
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case discussed in this book, one ca
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to ask which of the enormously wide
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centred introduction to critical th
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essential. The Trinity consists of
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discussion of spiritual matters was
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borders, which ran along the rivers
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Valentinian’s own commanders were
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of booty from further raiding. Duri
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of the major cities of the east. As
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IITHE DIVINE EMPERORIN 363, the cou
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Constantine is God’s viceregent o
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Rome in 357, the first time he had
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result that a complex of interlocki
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the first time, a budget could be p
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The events of the next three years
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circumstances, Themistius’ panegy
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IIIFREE SPEECH IN THE CLASSICAL WOR
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be counterproductive. Diodotus went
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of the Forms. Once they had underst
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Even though only a tiny proportion
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and imagery of the Bible. He was re
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others of one’s own beliefs, and
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IVTHE COMING OF THE CHRISTIAN STATE
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Irenaeus, bishop of the (Greek-spea
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forward an alternative tradition of
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important provinces of Egypt and Sy
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Hill. These buildings were plain on
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his ‘betrayal’ would have to be
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included) is a collection of a very
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philosophy, not from scripture. It
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reinstated in his bishopric in 327,
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However, mainstream Christian teach
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somewhere between God and the mater
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AD 200. In Tertullian’s Trinity,
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discussions about the way in which
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Church was now firmly embedded with
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Creator. The incarnation of this fu
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of Megara, Simonides, and Pindar, a
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to the Nicenes, he kept his persona
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VITHE SWANSONG OF FREE SPEECH: THE
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Each year in April the grain ships
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about the issues openly - when Greg
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McGluckin suggests that Gregory may
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linking of soul to body, of intelle
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Page 104 and 105: unaware that behind Maximus lay the
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Page 108 and 109: have been used loosely of subordina
Page 110 and 111: and Antioch without a bishop. The a
Page 112 and 113: majority of the Nicene bishops by b
Page 114 and 115: not yet consecrated) and Alexandria
Page 116 and 117: 381 and allowing the Church as a wh
Page 118 and 119: his own and that he put in place as
Page 120 and 121: his ideas on the Trinity, but then
Page 122 and 123: was afraid of.In 379, Ambrose met t
Page 124 and 125: Instead of the great council of the
Page 126 and 127: Arcadius the status of an Augustus
Page 128 and 129: faith, they issued a law on 23 Janu
Page 130 and 131: Homoian faith as a price for his su
Page 132 and 133: governor concerning the sacking of
Page 134 and 135: spaces’ - in other words, to keep
Page 136 and 137: Certainly Theodosius had become awa
Page 138 and 139: restored into the 380s, but shortly
Page 140 and 141: Serapis. Symmachus’ son married N
Page 142 and 143: threatening Attila with death if he
Page 144 and 145: XEPIPHANIUS’ WITCHHUNTDURING the
Page 146 and 147: the use of allegory; he accepted th
Page 148 and 149: come to Bethlehem to work on his tr
Page 150 and 151: that in Christ I am as submissive t
Page 154 and 155: The use of the law to provide a res
Page 156 and 157: followed. When, in 457, the emperor
Page 158 and 159: Similar examples are recorded of th
Page 160 and 161: carried out miracles and as human w
Page 162 and 163: also in 435, it decreed ‘that Ire
Page 164 and 165: imperial officials now drew up thei
Page 166 and 167: Justinian also tried to find a solu
Page 168 and 169: the west - but these could be treat
Page 170 and 171: of Paul. In the Greek world, in the
Page 172 and 173: can only be made righteous through
Page 174 and 175: saved. Why God picks out anyone fro
Page 176 and 177: trust in God and the authority of t
Page 178 and 179: subordinate being to one who does t
Page 180 and 181: was no Trinity, so little does the
Page 182 and 183: writing at a time of political and
Page 184 and 185: XIIICOLLAPSE IN THE CHRISTIAN WESTA
Page 186 and 187: of a high standard. Excavations sho
Page 188 and 189: power was the conversions of Arian
Page 190 and 191: has perished from among us and no o
Page 192 and 193: formula in his calculation of the
Page 194 and 195: programme was one of renovatio, ‘
Page 196 and 197: XIVFAITH, REASON AND THE TRINITYWIT
Page 198 and 199: was the most prestigious - teachers
Page 200 and 201: is no progress... This is the sure
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reasoned defence of the Trinity and
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the doctrine of the Trinity could b
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CONCLUSIONWe must not see the fact
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Torrance’s argument is presented
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doctrine of the human and divine na
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which the relationships between God
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historical reality, that the Nicene
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come again to judge the living and
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NOTES1 For details, see Select Bibl
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Chapter Two: The Divine Emperor1 I
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Chapter Three: Free Speech in the C
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Chapter Four: The Coming of the Chr
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Chapter Five: True God from True Go
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Chapter Six: The Swansong of Free S
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Chapter Eight: Ambrose and the Poli
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them back on to the bodies of the f
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over Origen and warn their flocks o
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Chapter Eleven: Enforcing the Law1
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30 For the Council of Constantinopl
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15 Gunton, p.39. It was argued by I
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eastern monastery at this period, o
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15 Quoted in Bainton, p.24.16 Israe
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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHYNote: the easies
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Fossier, Robert (ed.), The Cambridg
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Mackay, Christopher S., Ancient Rom
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Philadelphia, 2002.Van Dam, Raymond
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Ambrose, Bishop of Milan and afterl
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democratic approach to knowledgeemp
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BalkansbaptismBarnabas, epistle ofB
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earlyoral traditionsand Septuagintt
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called traditoresexemption from tax
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Nicene Creed revisedresponsibility
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continuing debatedebate on Jesus’
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Evodius of UzalisExodus, Book offai
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Godheaddistinctions withinnature of
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Gregory the Great, Popeand Councils
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Ibas, Bishop of EdessaIgnatius, Bis
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proclaims Peter as rockrelationship
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and Council of Ephesusmeets Attila
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defeatexecutionNicene faithand Pris
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Latin terminologylegal imposition (
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papacy, exiled to Avignonpapal juri
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Quadi tribeRahner, KarlRavenna, lib
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taxation systemviolence in conquest
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Sirmium creed (357)slavery, institu
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as co-emperorCouncil of Constantino
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works, burnedtheology, GreekTheophi
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Valentinian II, co-EmperorAmbrose o
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A.D. 381 heretics, pagans, and the dawn of the monotheistic state ( PDFDrive )

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