NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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6.4 REFERENCES 1. Portland Cement Association. U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry: Plant Information Summary, December 31, 1990. Skokie, IL. August 1991. 107 pp. 2. Vatavuk, W.M. Cost Estimating Methodology. In: OAQPS Control Cost Manual, Fourth Edition, Vatavuk, W.M. (ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Publication No. EPA 450/3-90-006. January 1990. 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Evaluation and Costing of NOx Control for Existing Utility Boilers in the NESCAUM Region. Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA 453/R-92- 010. December 1992. 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Background Information Document, Review of 1979 Gas Turbine New Source Performance Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. Prepared by Radian Corporation under Contract No. 68-02- 3816. 1985. 5. Telecon. Ware, K., Environmental Manager, Ash Grove Cement Co., Leamington Plant, Nephi, UT, with Damle, A.S., Research Triangle Institute. October 13, 1992. Cement kiln operating practices. 6. Letter and attachments from Willis, D.A., Blue Circle Cement, Inc., Atlanta, GA, to Damle, A.S., Research Triangle Institute. June 4, 1993. Information on LINKman Process Control System. 7. Letter and attachments from Gourraud, H., Procedair Industries, Combustion Division, to Jordan, B.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 15, 1992. Low NOx burners. 8. Telecon. Gourraud, H., Procedair Industries, Louisville, KY, with Damle, A.S., Research Triangle Institute, October 13, 1992 and November 6, 1992. Low NOx burners for cement kilns, their performance and costs. 9. Telecon. Dubuc, J.S., Procedair Industries, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with Damle, A.S., Research Triangle Institute, October 22, 1993. Costs of low NOx burners for cement kilns. 10. Letter from Denizeau, J., Lafarge Canada, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to Crolius, R.W., American Portland Cement Alliance, Washington, DC, August 24, 1993. Cost of low NOx burners. 6-71
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EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
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Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
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LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
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CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
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2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
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TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
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TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
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eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
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CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
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Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
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3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
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Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
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Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
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5 cement processes: wet process and
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Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
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substantial levels of silica and al
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are achieved by clinker coolers of
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126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
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such as crushing and grinding opera
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4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
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temperatures are on the order of 16
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4-6
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expected to produce more fuel NO th
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introduce a large proportion of com
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will also mean a somewhat lower sec
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ILC systems: In these systems, the
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which indicates an average and the
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4-18
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Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
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from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
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Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
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TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
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in estimating uncontrolled and cont
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13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
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44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
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73. Letter and attachments from Smi
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NO control approaches applicable to
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5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
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oxygen content of the primary air m
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tend to recirculate hot combustion
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e about 15 to 38 percent depending
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combustion system shown in Figure 5
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5-14
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Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
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5-18
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higher than typical cement kiln flu
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window is in the middle of a kiln.
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Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
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in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
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5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
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25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
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TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
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6-4
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6-6
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The total capital cost is the sum o
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TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
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6-12
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6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
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At this time only three installatio
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6-18
Page 134 and 135: The annualized costs for low NOx bu
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Page 144 and 145: PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
Page 146 and 147: TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
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Page 150 and 151: TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
Page 152 and 153: TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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Page 156 and 157: TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
Page 158 and 159: TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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Page 162 and 163: costs range from $9.9 million for t
Page 164 and 165: The estimated annualized costs for
Page 166 and 167: 6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
Page 168 and 169: emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
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Page 174 and 175: TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
Page 176 and 177: TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179: 6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
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Page 182 and 183: TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
Page 186 and 187: 11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189: Tables 7-1 7-2
Page 190 and 191: TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
Page 192 and 193: model plants described in Section 6
Page 194 and 195: temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197: NOxemissions will form. The heater
Page 198: equirement for the flue gas reheati
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