NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Method and Location Kiln # Kiln type (tons/hr) Fuel burned MM Btu/ton (lb/ton clinker) date of data Reference Fredonia, KS 1 Wet 17 100% - Coal 5.98 -200 ppm EPA 74 4/11/89 Method 7E 4-28 6.17 -550 ppm 74 9/17/91 2 Wet 28.5 100% - Coal 5.85 -500 ppm 74 9/18/91 Alpena, MI 1 Dry 70 78% - Coal 5 957 ppm avg CEM 75 22% - WDF 8/7/92 2 Dry 45 100% - Coal 4.6 393 ppm avg CEM 75 8/7/92 Sugar Creek, MO 1 Dry 66.7 71.4% - Coal 4.52 6.1 EPA 76 23.8% - Coke Method 7E 4.8% - Gas 9/19/91 Paulding, OH 1 & 2 Wet 30 45.3% - Coal 5.3 3.6 EPA 77 2.5% - Coke Method 7E 52.2% WDF 5/25/82 Whitehall, PA 3 Four-stage 36 70% - Coal 3.3 4.24 EPA 78 preheater 30% - Coke Method 7E 3.2 Dec-91 78 90:10::coal: tire 78 3.3 80:20::coal: 78 tire 4.1 70:30::coal: tire New Braunfels, TX 1 Preheater- 122 50.2% - Coal 3 4.15 EPA 79 precalciner 40.7% - Coke Method 7E 9.1% - Gas 3/90-5/90 7. Lehigh Portland <strong>Cement</strong> Co.
TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Method and Location Kiln # Kiln type (tons/hr) Fuel burned MM Btu/ton (lb/ton clinker) date of data Reference Leeds, AL 1 Preheater 83 89% - Coal 3.76 3.46 5/23/91 80 11% - Gas - Mill off 5/21/91 2.24 - Mill on <strong>Cement</strong>on, Ny 1 Wet 77 100% - Coal 5.25 5.9 5/22/90 80 Buda, TX 1 Precalciner 138 95% - Coal 3.63 3.8 6/30/86 80 5% - Gas Waco, TX 1 Wet 10 68% - Gas 8.8 17.1 12/5/85 80 32% - Coke 8. Lone Star Industries Oglesby, IL 1 Dry 64.6 8 CEM 5/92-6/92 81 7.2 EPA Method 7 12/13/83 81 Greencastle, IN 1 Wet 91.7 5 CEM 81 Cape Girardeau, MO 1 Precalciner 139.4 1.4 CEM 81 (178 ppm) 4/13/92 1 Precalciner 139.4 0.9 CEM 81 (115 ppm) 4/15/92 1 Precalciner 139.4 1.5 CEM 81 (182 ppm) 6/25/92 Sweetwater, TX 3 Preheater 20.8 11.68 EPA 81 Method 7 Apr-May 1991 9. Southdown, Inc. Brookesville, FL 1 Preheater 80 100% - Coal 3.2 3 CEM 82 Feb-92 Fairborn, OH 1 Preheater 85 80% - Coal 3.9 11 CEM 82 20% - LWDF Dec-91 4-29
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EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
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Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
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LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
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CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
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2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
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TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
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TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
Page 23 and 24: eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
Page 27 and 28: Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
Page 29 and 30: 3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
Page 33 and 34: Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
Page 35 and 36: 5 cement processes: wet process and
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
Page 39 and 40: substantial levels of silica and al
Page 41 and 42: are achieved by clinker coolers of
Page 43 and 44: 126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
Page 45: such as crushing and grinding opera
Page 48 and 49: 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
Page 50 and 51: temperatures are on the order of 16
Page 52 and 53: 4-6
Page 54 and 55: expected to produce more fuel NO th
Page 56 and 57: introduce a large proportion of com
Page 58 and 59: will also mean a somewhat lower sec
Page 60 and 61: ILC systems: In these systems, the
Page 62 and 63: which indicates an average and the
Page 64 and 65: 4-18
Page 66 and 67: Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
Page 68 and 69: from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
Page 70 and 71: Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 76 and 77: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 78 and 79: in estimating uncontrolled and cont
Page 80 and 81: 13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
Page 82 and 83: 44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
Page 84 and 85: 73. Letter and attachments from Smi
Page 86 and 87: NO control approaches applicable to
Page 88 and 89: 5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
Page 90 and 91: oxygen content of the primary air m
Page 92 and 93: tend to recirculate hot combustion
Page 94 and 95: e about 15 to 38 percent depending
Page 96 and 97: combustion system shown in Figure 5
Page 98 and 99: 5-14
Page 100 and 101: Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
Page 102 and 103: 5-18
Page 104 and 105: higher than typical cement kiln flu
Page 106 and 107: window is in the middle of a kiln.
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
Page 110 and 111: in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
Page 112 and 113: 5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
Page 114 and 115: 25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
Page 118 and 119: 6-4
Page 120 and 121: 6-6
Page 122 and 123: The total capital cost is the sum o
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
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6-12
Page 128 and 129:
6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
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At this time only three installatio
Page 132 and 133:
6-18
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The annualized costs for low NOx bu
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No additional costs for utilities o
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20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
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TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
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6-28
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PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
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TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
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6-34
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TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
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TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-40
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TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
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TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
Page 160 and 161:
6-46
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costs range from $9.9 million for t
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The estimated annualized costs for
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6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
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emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
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TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
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6-58
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179:
6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
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6-66
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TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
Page 184 and 185:
6-70
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11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189:
Tables 7-1 7-2
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TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
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model plants described in Section 6
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temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197:
NOxemissions will form. The heater
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equirement for the flue gas reheati
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