NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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Figure 3-2. Steps in the manufacture of portland cement. 5 3-10
5 cement processes: wet process and dry process. Newer designs of dry process plants are equipped with innovations such assuspension preheaters or precalciners to increase the overall energy efficiency of the cement plant. A cyclone preheater system typically achieves 40 to 50 percent calcination of the feed before it enters the rotary cement kiln, whereas a precalciner system uses an additional firing system to achieve almost 95 percent calcination of feed before it enters the kiln. 4 3-11
Page 1 and 2: EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
Page 3 and 4: ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
Page 5 and 6: Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
Page 23 and 24: eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
Page 27 and 28: Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
Page 29 and 30: 3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
Page 33: Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
Page 39 and 40: substantial levels of silica and al
Page 41 and 42: are achieved by clinker coolers of
Page 43 and 44: 126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
Page 45: such as crushing and grinding opera
Page 48 and 49: 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
Page 50 and 51: temperatures are on the order of 16
Page 52 and 53: 4-6
Page 54 and 55: expected to produce more fuel NO th
Page 56 and 57: introduce a large proportion of com
Page 58 and 59: will also mean a somewhat lower sec
Page 60 and 61: ILC systems: In these systems, the
Page 62 and 63: which indicates an average and the
Page 64 and 65: 4-18
Page 66 and 67: Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
Page 68 and 69: from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
Page 70 and 71: Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 78 and 79: in estimating uncontrolled and cont
Page 80 and 81: 13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
Page 82 and 83: 44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
Page 84 and 85:
73. Letter and attachments from Smi
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NO control approaches applicable to
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5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
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oxygen content of the primary air m
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tend to recirculate hot combustion
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e about 15 to 38 percent depending
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combustion system shown in Figure 5
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5-14
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Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
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5-18
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higher than typical cement kiln flu
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window is in the middle of a kiln.
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Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
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in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
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5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
Page 114 and 115:
25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
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TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
Page 118 and 119:
6-4
Page 120 and 121:
6-6
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The total capital cost is the sum o
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TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
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6-12
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6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
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At this time only three installatio
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6-18
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The annualized costs for low NOx bu
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No additional costs for utilities o
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20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
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TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
Page 142 and 143:
6-28
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PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
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TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
Page 148 and 149:
6-34
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TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-40
Page 156 and 157:
TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
Page 158 and 159:
TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-46
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costs range from $9.9 million for t
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The estimated annualized costs for
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6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
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emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
Page 170 and 171:
TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
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6-58
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
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TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179:
6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
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6-66
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TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
Page 184 and 185:
6-70
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11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189:
Tables 7-1 7-2
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TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
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model plants described in Section 6
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temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197:
NOxemissions will form. The heater
Page 198:
equirement for the flue gas reheati
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