NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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combustion system shown in Figure 5-2 in which the fuel was Figure 5-2. Reduction of NO emissions <strong>from</strong> precalcining kiln x system by fuel injection in the rotary kiln gas outlet. 16 5-12
simply injected countercurrent in the kiln exhaust gas.16 Up to 46 percent reduction of <strong>NOx</strong> emissions have been reported without causing excessive coating difficulties in the kiln.16 A similar effect was also observed by burning whole or shredded tires in the calciner zone. Substituting 47 percent of the coal fired in 5-13
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EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
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Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
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LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
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CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
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2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
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TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
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TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
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eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
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CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
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Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
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3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
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Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
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Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
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5 cement processes: wet process and
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Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
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substantial levels of silica and al
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are achieved by clinker coolers of
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126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
Page 45: such as crushing and grinding opera
Page 48 and 49: 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
Page 50 and 51: temperatures are on the order of 16
Page 52 and 53: 4-6
Page 54 and 55: expected to produce more fuel NO th
Page 56 and 57: introduce a large proportion of com
Page 58 and 59: will also mean a somewhat lower sec
Page 60 and 61: ILC systems: In these systems, the
Page 62 and 63: which indicates an average and the
Page 64 and 65: 4-18
Page 66 and 67: Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
Page 68 and 69: from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
Page 70 and 71: Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 78 and 79: in estimating uncontrolled and cont
Page 80 and 81: 13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
Page 82 and 83: 44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
Page 84 and 85: 73. Letter and attachments from Smi
Page 86 and 87: NO control approaches applicable to
Page 88 and 89: 5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
Page 90 and 91: oxygen content of the primary air m
Page 92 and 93: tend to recirculate hot combustion
Page 94 and 95: e about 15 to 38 percent depending
Page 98 and 99: 5-14
Page 100 and 101: Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
Page 102 and 103: 5-18
Page 104 and 105: higher than typical cement kiln flu
Page 106 and 107: window is in the middle of a kiln.
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
Page 110 and 111: in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
Page 112 and 113: 5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
Page 114 and 115: 25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
Page 118 and 119: 6-4
Page 120 and 121: 6-6
Page 122 and 123: The total capital cost is the sum o
Page 124 and 125: TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
Page 126 and 127: 6-12
Page 128 and 129: 6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
Page 130 and 131: At this time only three installatio
Page 132 and 133: 6-18
Page 134 and 135: The annualized costs for low NOx bu
Page 136 and 137: No additional costs for utilities o
Page 138 and 139: 20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
Page 140 and 141: TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
Page 142 and 143: 6-28
Page 144 and 145: PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
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TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
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6-34
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TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
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TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-40
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TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
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TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-46
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costs range from $9.9 million for t
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The estimated annualized costs for
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6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
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emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
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TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
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6-58
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TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
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TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
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6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
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6-66
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TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
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6-70
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11. Letter and attachments from Nov
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Tables 7-1 7-2
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TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
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model plants described in Section 6
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temperature and excess air may be u
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NOxemissions will form. The heater
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equirement for the flue gas reheati
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