NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant company, location Date lb/ton Process ppm @ 3% O2 clinker Reference type Kaiser Cement Co. 11/27/79 Wet 1936 17.5 34 Permanente, CA 12/12/79 Wet 1656 13.4 34 Kosmos Cement Co. Louisville, KY 6/89 Dry - X 396 5.78 35 Lafarge Corporation, Alpena, MI 3/89 Dry 232 4.25 36 Lehigh Portland Cement 363 ppm Co., Waco, TX 8/83 Wet @ 15% O 10.2 37 2 Lone Star Florida/Pennsuco Inc., Miami, FL 7/81 Wet - 6.35 38 Kiln - 3 7/81 Wet - 5.55 39 12/86 Wet 582 @ -- 6.83 40 Lone Star Industries Davenport, CA 9/24/80 Semi-Wet 406 3.3 41 5/82 Dry - C 189 @ 14% 2.36 42 Mill on Mill off 8/82 8/83 8/83 Dry - C Dry - C Dry - C - 225 @ 10% 198 @ 10% 4.02 2.37 2.08 43 44 44 Mill on 12/83 Dry - C 221 @ 11% 2.65 45 Mill off 12/83 Dry - C 184 @ 12% 1.84 45 Mill on 3/84 Dry - C 181 @ 11% 2.16 46 Mill off 3/84 Dry - C 206 @ 9% 2.16 46 Sweetwater, TX Kiln - 2 6/80 Dry - X 783 @ -- 9.14 47 New Orleans, LA Kiln - 1 5/82 Wet 350 @ -- 4.37 48 Kiln - 2 5/82 Wet 390 @ -- 4.0 48 Monolith, Mojave, CA 12/6/79 Wet 642 6.9 22 Riverside Cement Co. Riverside, CA Gas fired 9/74 Dry 2400-5200 21.0 20 Coal fired 4/76 Dry 381 2.25 49 Gray kiln - 2 Baghouse inlet 7/81 Dry 999 8.78 50 Baghouse outlet 7/81 Dry 1427 14.32 50 Gray kiln - 1 Baghouse outlet 7/81 Dry 451 4.52 50 Gray kiln - 2 Baghouse inlet 10/81 Dry 1310 14.0 51 4-20
TABLE 4-2. (con.) Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant company, location Date lb/ton Process ppm @ 3% O2 clinker Reference type Southwestern Portland Cement Co., 5/78 Dry - 2289 21.8 52 Black Mountain, CA 6/10/80 oil 548 4.0 53 10/80 Dry - 770 @ 10% 7.35 54 6/84 coal 453 @ 11% 5.17 55 7/84 Dry - 419 @ 12% 5.16 56 coal Dry - coal Dry - coal Southwestern Portland Cement Co. Nephi, UT 5/84 Dry - C 882 7.5 57 Odessa, TX Coal fired 2/83 Dry - X 384 5.68 58 Gas fired 6/89 Dry - X 883 11.26 59 Victorville, CA Kiln - 6 8/80 Dry 687 @ 10% 9.1 54 Kiln - 7 8/80 Dry 235 @ 14% 4.05 54 Kiln - 9 8/80 Dry 971 @ 6% 14.7 54 Kiln - 5 10/80 Dry 1077 @ 9% 17.3 60 Kiln - 8 10/80 Dry 690 @ 10% 11.0 60 Kiln - 1 7/84 Dry 575 @ 8% 5.5 61 Kiln - 2 2/85 Dry - C 492 @ -- 5.03 62 Kiln - 2 3/85 Dry - C 1074 7.12 63 Kiln - 2 2/87 Dry - C 891 6.41 64 Kiln - 2 3/87 Dry - C 954 6.64 65 Texas Cement Co. Buda, TX 6/86 Dry - C - 3.8 66 4-21
Page 1 and 2:
EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
Page 3 and 4:
ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
Page 5 and 6:
Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
Page 7 and 8:
TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
Page 9 and 10:
LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
Page 13 and 14:
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
Page 15 and 16: 2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
Page 19 and 20: TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
Page 23 and 24: eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
Page 27 and 28: Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
Page 29 and 30: 3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
Page 33 and 34: Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
Page 35 and 36: 5 cement processes: wet process and
Page 37 and 38: Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
Page 39 and 40: substantial levels of silica and al
Page 41 and 42: are achieved by clinker coolers of
Page 43 and 44: 126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
Page 45: such as crushing and grinding opera
Page 48 and 49: 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
Page 50 and 51: temperatures are on the order of 16
Page 52 and 53: 4-6
Page 54 and 55: expected to produce more fuel NO th
Page 56 and 57: introduce a large proportion of com
Page 58 and 59: will also mean a somewhat lower sec
Page 60 and 61: ILC systems: In these systems, the
Page 62 and 63: which indicates an average and the
Page 64 and 65: 4-18
Page 68 and 69: from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
Page 70 and 71: Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 78 and 79: in estimating uncontrolled and cont
Page 80 and 81: 13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
Page 82 and 83: 44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
Page 84 and 85: 73. Letter and attachments from Smi
Page 86 and 87: NO control approaches applicable to
Page 88 and 89: 5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
Page 90 and 91: oxygen content of the primary air m
Page 92 and 93: tend to recirculate hot combustion
Page 94 and 95: e about 15 to 38 percent depending
Page 96 and 97: combustion system shown in Figure 5
Page 98 and 99: 5-14
Page 100 and 101: Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
Page 102 and 103: 5-18
Page 104 and 105: higher than typical cement kiln flu
Page 106 and 107: window is in the middle of a kiln.
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
Page 110 and 111: in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
Page 112 and 113: 5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
Page 114 and 115: 25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
Page 116 and 117:
TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
Page 118 and 119:
6-4
Page 120 and 121:
6-6
Page 122 and 123:
The total capital cost is the sum o
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
Page 126 and 127:
6-12
Page 128 and 129:
6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
Page 130 and 131:
At this time only three installatio
Page 132 and 133:
6-18
Page 134 and 135:
The annualized costs for low NOx bu
Page 136 and 137:
No additional costs for utilities o
Page 138 and 139:
20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
Page 140 and 141:
TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
Page 142 and 143:
6-28
Page 144 and 145:
PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
Page 146 and 147:
TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
Page 148 and 149:
6-34
Page 150 and 151:
TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
Page 154 and 155:
6-40
Page 156 and 157:
TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
Page 158 and 159:
TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
Page 160 and 161:
6-46
Page 162 and 163:
costs range from $9.9 million for t
Page 164 and 165:
The estimated annualized costs for
Page 166 and 167:
6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
Page 168 and 169:
emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
Page 170 and 171:
TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
Page 172 and 173:
6-58
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179:
6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
Page 180 and 181:
6-66
Page 182 and 183:
TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
Page 184 and 185:
6-70
Page 186 and 187:
11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189:
Tables 7-1 7-2
Page 190 and 191:
TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
Page 192 and 193:
model plants described in Section 6
Page 194 and 195:
temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197:
NOxemissions will form. The heater
Page 198:
equirement for the flue gas reheati
show all

NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?