NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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equirement for the flue gas reheating would be approximately 9.8 percent of that consumed in the cement manufacturing. 7.3 REFERENCES 1. Hunter, S.C., and R.C. Benson. Reduction of Nitric Oxide Emissions on a Full-Scale Cement Kiln Using Primary Air Vitiation. In Proceedings of 1985 Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control. EPRI Report CS-4360, Volume 2, January 1986. 2. Doyle, B.W. Flue Gas Analysis Can Help Monitor Kiln Combustion System. Pit & Quarry. November 1983. pp 63-66. 3. Hansen, E.R. The Use of Carbon Monoxide and Other Gases for Process Control. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol. IA-22. No. 2. March/April 1986. 4. Telecons. Gourraud, H., Procedair Industries, Louisville,KY, with Damle, A.S., Research Triangle Institute, October 13, 1992 and November 6, 1992. Low NOx burners for cement kilns, their performance and costs. 5. Smith, J.C., and M.J. Wax. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Controls to Abate NOx Emissions - White Paper. September 1992. 6. Sun, W.H. NOxOUT Process Demonstration on a Cement Kiln/Calciner - Ash Grove Cement - Seattle Plant - Seattle, Washington. October 28, 1993. 7. Mincy, J.E. SNCR Technology: The Next Generation. Presented at NOx V Conference. Long Beach, CA. Council of Industrial Boilers. Burke, VA. February 10-11, 1992. 8. Haas, G.A. Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR): Experience with the Exxon Thermal DeNox Process. Presented at the NOx Control V Conference. Council of Industrial Boiler Owners. Long Beach, CA. February 10-11, 1992. 9. Teixeira, D. Widening the Urea Temperature Window. In Proceedings of the 1991 Joint EPA/EPRI Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control. 7-12
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EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
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Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
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LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
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CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
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2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
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TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
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TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
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eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
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CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
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Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
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3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
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Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
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Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
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5 cement processes: wet process and
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Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
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substantial levels of silica and al
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are achieved by clinker coolers of
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126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
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such as crushing and grinding opera
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4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
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temperatures are on the order of 16
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4-6
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expected to produce more fuel NO th
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introduce a large proportion of com
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will also mean a somewhat lower sec
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ILC systems: In these systems, the
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which indicates an average and the
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4-18
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Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
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from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
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Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
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TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
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in estimating uncontrolled and cont
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13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
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44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
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73. Letter and attachments from Smi
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NO control approaches applicable to
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5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
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oxygen content of the primary air m
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tend to recirculate hot combustion
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e about 15 to 38 percent depending
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combustion system shown in Figure 5
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5-14
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Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
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5-18
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higher than typical cement kiln flu
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window is in the middle of a kiln.
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Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
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in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
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5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
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25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
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TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
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6-4
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6-6
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The total capital cost is the sum o
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TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
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6-12
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6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
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At this time only three installatio
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6-18
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The annualized costs for low NOx bu
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No additional costs for utilities o
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20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
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TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
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6-28
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PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
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TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
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Page 150 and 151: TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
Page 152 and 153: TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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Page 156 and 157: TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
Page 158 and 159: TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
Page 160 and 161: 6-46
Page 162 and 163: costs range from $9.9 million for t
Page 164 and 165: The estimated annualized costs for
Page 166 and 167: 6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
Page 168 and 169: emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
Page 170 and 171: TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
Page 172 and 173: 6-58
Page 174 and 175: TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
Page 176 and 177: TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179: 6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
Page 180 and 181: 6-66
Page 182 and 183: TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
Page 184 and 185: 6-70
Page 186 and 187: 11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189: Tables 7-1 7-2
Page 190 and 191: TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
Page 192 and 193: model plants described in Section 6
Page 194 and 195: temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197: NOxemissions will form. The heater
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