NOx Emissions from Cement Mfg - US Environmental Protection ...

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tend to recirculate hot combustion gas which is retrieved through an internal reverse flow zone around the extension of the burner centerline. The recirculated combustion gas is deficient in oxygen, thus producing effect of FGR. Combustion of the fuel in the first stage thus takes place in oxygen-deficient zone before the fuel is diluted in the secondary air. Installing such a burner is claimed to reduce NOx emissions from the kiln-burning zone by up to 30 percent.7,11,12 Coupling a low-NOx step burner with flue gas recirculation has been shown to reduce NOx emissions further in a cement kiln.13 The additional NOx reduction attributable to FGR was estimated to 5-8
5-9
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EPA-453/R-94-004 ALTERNATIVE CONTRO
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ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DOCU
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Chapter Page 4.1 MECHANISMS OF NO F
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (con.) Chapter Pa
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LIST OF TABLES Number Page 2-1 UNCO
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Congress, in
Page 13 and 14:
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter pres
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2.2 NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIE
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TABLE 2-2. ACHIEVABLE NO REDUCTIONS
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS
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TABLE 2-5. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NO
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eductions ranged from 470 tons/year
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CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION 3.1
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Type II. Moderate-heat-of-hardening
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3 a TABLE 3-2. UNITED STATES CEMENT
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Figure 3-1. U.S. Portland cement pl
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Table 3-3. (con.) Rank Clinker 3 (1
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5 cement processes: wet process and
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 3-3. New technology in dry-p
Page 39 and 40:
substantial levels of silica and al
Page 41 and 42: are achieved by clinker coolers of
Page 43 and 44: 126,000 to 963,000 tons/year with a
Page 45: such as crushing and grinding opera
Page 48 and 49: 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation x Therma
Page 50 and 51: temperatures are on the order of 16
Page 52 and 53: 4-6
Page 54 and 55: expected to produce more fuel NO th
Page 56 and 57: introduce a large proportion of com
Page 58 and 59: will also mean a somewhat lower sec
Page 60 and 61: ILC systems: In these systems, the
Page 62 and 63: which indicates an average and the
Page 64 and 65: 4-18
Page 66 and 67: Uncontrolled NO x emissions Plant c
Page 68 and 69: from 2 to 9 lb/ton of clinker, and
Page 70 and 71: Capacity Heat in NO x emissions Met
Page 72 and 73: TABLE 4-3. (con.) Capacity Heat in
Page 78 and 79: in estimating uncontrolled and cont
Page 80 and 81: 13. Letter from Sheridan, S.E., to
Page 82 and 83: 44. Chemecology Corporation Source.
Page 84 and 85: 73. Letter and attachments from Smi
Page 86 and 87: NO control approaches applicable to
Page 88 and 89: 5.1.2.2 Kiln Fuel Changing the prim
Page 90 and 91: oxygen content of the primary air m
Page 94 and 95: e about 15 to 38 percent depending
Page 96 and 97: combustion system shown in Figure 5
Page 98 and 99: 5-14
Page 100 and 101: Figure 5-3. Schematic of hazardous
Page 102 and 103: 5-18
Page 104 and 105: higher than typical cement kiln flu
Page 106 and 107: window is in the middle of a kiln.
Page 108 and 109: Figure 5-4. Application of the sele
Page 110 and 111: in Section 5.1.2 is usually difficu
Page 112 and 113: 5.4 REFERENCES 1. Helmuth, R.A., F.
Page 114 and 115: 25. Letter from Wax, J., Institute
Page 116 and 117: TABLE 6-1. CEMENT KILN MODEL PLANTS
Page 118 and 119: 6-4
Page 120 and 121: 6-6
Page 122 and 123: The total capital cost is the sum o
Page 124 and 125: TABLE 6-3. ANNUALIZED COST ELEMENTS
Page 126 and 127: 6-12
Page 128 and 129: 6.1.3.7 Administrative Charges. The
Page 130 and 131: At this time only three installatio
Page 132 and 133: 6-18
Page 134 and 135: The annualized costs for low NOx bu
Page 136 and 137: No additional costs for utilities o
Page 138 and 139: 20 percent PEC cost for contingenci
Page 140 and 141: TABLE 6-7. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR RET
Page 142 and 143:
6-28
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PEC for model plant 300,000 ' Heat
Page 146 and 147:
TABLE 6-9. ANNUALIZED COSTS FOR MID
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6-34
Page 150 and 151:
TABLE 6-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR A URE
Page 152 and 153:
TABLE 6-11. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-40
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TABLE 6-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR AN AM
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TABLE 6-13. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
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6-46
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costs range from $9.9 million for t
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The estimated annualized costs for
Page 166 and 167:
6.3 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF NOx CONTR
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emoved. Cost effectiveness were det
Page 170 and 171:
TABLE 6-17. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF R
Page 172 and 173:
6-58
Page 174 and 175:
TABLE 6-18. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF M
Page 176 and 177:
TABLE 6-19. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF U
Page 178 and 179:
6.3.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
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6-66
Page 182 and 183:
TABLE 6-21. COST EFFECTIVENESS OF S
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6-70
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11. Letter and attachments from Nov
Page 188 and 189:
Tables 7-1 7-2
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TABLE 7-2. REDUCTION IN NO x EMISSI
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model plants described in Section 6
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temperature and excess air may be u
Page 196 and 197:
NOxemissions will form. The heater
Page 198:
equirement for the flue gas reheati
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