Organizational Change for Participatory Irrigation Management

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Productivity of major crops in India is shown Table 8, which indicates that crop productivity of major crops, has continuously increased with the extension and development of irrigation facilities. Almost all the major crops registered manifold increase in their productivity since 1950-51. Even the wheat crop, registered about 300 percent increase in yield. However, these levels of yield are very low as compared to some of the developed countries of the world as shown in Table 9. For example, the average productivity of rice in the world is 3,730 kg/ha. In some part of the world, like Europe, Australia, Egypt, it is 7,600 kg/ha, 8,300 kg/ha and 8,200 kg/ha, respectively, which is comparatively very high. Table 8. Crop Productivity of Some Major Crops Crops 1950-51 1980-81 1990-91 1996-97 - 198 - (Unit: Kg/ha) Percentage Increase since 1950-51 Rice 668 1,336 1,740 1,879 181.29 Wheat 663 1,630 2,281 2,671 302.87 Jowar 54.95 104.31 116.81 110.88 101.78 Bajra 25.95 53.43 68.94 79.05 204.62 Maize 547 1,159 1,518 1,698 210.42 Gram 482 657 712 810 68.05 Groundnut 775 736 904 1,155 49.03 Rapeseed and 368 560 904 1,013 175.27 Sugarcane 33,422 7,844 65,395 66,523 99.04 Cotton 88 152 225 266 202.27 Table 9. Average Productivity of Main Crops in Some Countries of the World (Unit: Kg/ha) Country Wheat Maize Rice China 3,759 5,173 6,062 India 2,671 1,698 1,879 Egypt 5,638 6,954 8,241 Japan - - 6,191 Philippines - 7,975 2,856 Russia 1,396 - 2,762 U.S.A. 2,442 7,975 6,860 U.K. 8,113 - - France 7,134 8,357 - World 2,541 4,117 3,730 This shows that there is ample scope in increasing the crop productivity in India by adopting modern technologies in irrigated agriculture. There is a significant variation in the productivity of different crop among different States of India as shown is Table 10. From this table, it is clear that level of productivity in Punjab is very high as compared to rest of India. This is certainly due to high percentage of irrigated area, i.e., 92.94 in Punjab as compared to rest of the country.
Table 10. Productivity of Two Main Crops in Major States of India (Unit: Kg/ha) States Rice Wheat Madhya Pradesh 1,093 1,755 Maharashtra 1,689 1,460 Manipur 2,149 - Meghalaya 1,075 1,452 Mizoram 1,543 - Nagaland 1,321 2,500 Orissa 1,375 1,320 Punjab 3,132 4,235 Rajasthan 843 2,740 Sikkim 1,377 1,741 Tamil Nadu 2,712 - Tripura 2,011 1,950 Uttar Pradesh 1,862 2,659 West Bengal 1,997 2,390 India 1,879 2,671 Another salient feature of crop productivity in India is that crop yields are generally higher by one-third or half in the tube-well irrigated (groundwater irrigated) areas than canal irrigated areas as is clear from Table 11. This is primarily due to the fact that groundwater offers greater control over the supply of water than the other sources of irrigation. As a result, groundwater irrigation encourages complementary investment in fertilizers, pesticides and highyielding varieties leading to higher yield. Table 11. Productivity of Some Main Crops by Source of Irrigation Crop Canal Public Tube-well - 199 - Purchased from Tube-well (Unit: Kg/acre) Own Tube-well Wheat 672 747 784 896 Rice 522 709 784 859 Corn 261 299 373 785 Problems of Irrigated Agriculture, Change in Policies and Relevant Strategies Despite the massive investment in irrigation and in spite of impressive growth of agricultural production, the development is also associated with a host of problems, which appear to create a shadow of doubt about its future potentialities and sustainability. Analysis of irrigation development reveals that it is beset with the problems of increasing disparities and growing inefficiencies with which the systems are operated. These problems are clearly related to the pattern of investment and creation of network of irrigation system as well as to the organization of water management institutions for such systems created. Despite reasonable extension of irrigation in India during the last several decades and the large production and employment gains that it had made possible, most of
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From: Organizational Change for Par
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Report of the APO Seminar on Organi
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FOREWORD The significant achievemen
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ureaucracies and farmer organizatio
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officials as well as farmers) about
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productivity, and agricultural perf
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Role of Water Users Associations fo
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oles: it may be diversified and div
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irrigation systems? - for example,
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1.5 ha and there are 72 farmers. In
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1. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IRRIGATIO
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In Phase I, Curve A - the marginal
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Mexico than in Asia. Government exp
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to well over 50 percent (Figure 3).
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increasing number of health and env
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Levine, Gilbert, Ko Hai Sheng and R
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This paper will present the legal f
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System Management Committees (SMCs)
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Planning Reflection Mobilization Ac
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(Irrigation Systems Improvement Pro
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Table 3. Results of the Survey on I
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Asst. Administrator Project Develop
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ecently completed foreign assisted
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d. Size of irrigated farm holding;
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started only in 1990 during the ins
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lectures without actual practice. M
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Defects in the construction of conv
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The FIO approach was also used in p
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eplacement of steel gates, repair o
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Days (hours) Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs.
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creeks fed by the return flows from
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if total collection is 50-60 percen
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emergency repairs during calamities
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of tapping and developing new sourc
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increased efficiency in O&M. While
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Cases have been reported where coop
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improvements should bring in modifi
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To attain self-reliance, local orga
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catalyzing the development of local
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Water Markets There are examples of
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is open to any Malaysian citizen of
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dumping-level prices to private com
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P 2 = Planned diversification of cr
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Unfortunately, in certain countries
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Tasks Related to Irrigation Managem
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Expected improvements in irrigation
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Dwivedi, R. C., 1996. "Role of Co-o
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1. BANGLADESH INTRODUCTION - 143 -
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Dry Season Water Resources Gross dr
Page 99 and 100: Table 2. Irrigated Area by Irrigati
Page 101 and 102: And, a major strategy to increase f
Page 103 and 104: d) To bring institutional changes t
Page 105 and 106: Stakeholders Types of stakeholders:
Page 107 and 108: WUOs. Representatives of the LGIs.
Page 109 and 110: circumstances stated above, PIM wil
Page 111 and 112: 2. REPUBLIC OF CHINA INTRODUCTION -
Page 113 and 114: Meeting Affairs Committee President
Page 115 and 116: Taiwan is irrigated. Most of the pa
Page 117 and 118: Table 5. Water Used by Agriculture
Page 119 and 120: - 167 - Figure 5. The Framework of
Page 121 and 122: Sugar Sugar remains fundamentally i
Page 123 and 124: (vii) Research policy, since the pr
Page 125 and 126: ii) More part-time farmers than ful
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Plan-wise Position of Irri
Page 129 and 130: The details on some major irrigatio
Page 131 and 132: As a result the total live storage
Page 133 and 134: It is an informal farmers group wit
Page 135 and 136: The WRO of PWD has established 135
Page 137 and 138: logging, 3.06 million ha by soil sa
Page 139 and 140: 7. It is essential to have an unifo
Page 141 and 142: Prihar, S. S., 1995. “Management
Page 143 and 144: At the time of independence, net ir
Page 145 and 146: - 193 - Table 1. Growth of Sector-w
Page 147 and 148: Table 4. Investment on Major and Me
Page 149: Surface and groundwater potential i
Page 153 and 154: Table 12. Extent of Water-logging S
Page 155 and 156: CHANGES IN POLICIES AND RELEVANT ST
Page 157 and 158: 2. Management of Groundwater While
Page 159 and 160: For the orderly administration of t
Page 161 and 162: in India are States and hence irrig
Page 163 and 164: with a broad profile of the functio
Page 165 and 166: Artisan Guilds which were supposed
Page 167 and 168: But due to very-very slow progress
Page 169 and 170: (i) Policy initiatives to effect or
Page 171 and 172: ----------. Annual Reports, various
Page 173 and 174: CURRENT SITUATION OF IRRIGATION DEV
Page 175 and 176: Table 1. National Budget for Water
Page 177 and 178: Food security and sustaining self-s
Page 179 and 180: distributed to several agencies i.e
Page 181 and 182: FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR PIM IN INDONES
Page 183 and 184: 7. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN INTRODU
Page 185 and 186: sector is about 38 percent. The mea
Page 187 and 188: On the basis of the defined duties,
Page 189 and 190: area of about 1,000 ha with the par
Page 191 and 192: iii) Integrated planning on the bas
Page 193 and 194: The final section is on the Nationa
Page 195 and 196: Figure 2. Indus Basin Irrigation Sy
Page 197 and 198: During Rabi (winter) all the natura
Page 199 and 200: Malakand Circle Chief Engineer O&M
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courses along the newly constructed
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would largely be confined to water
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9. PHILIPPINES - 253 - Enrique A. S
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there are inadequate number of fiel
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Presidential Decree (PD) No. 552 in
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Earlier Organizing and PIM Efforts
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clearing) in Type I and being remun
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Table 7. The Irrigation Management
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c. ISIP II Region NIS Service Area
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on a modal of very smallholding siz
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However, overall policy decisions,
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addition to handing over of O&M dut
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implemented to ensure farmer partic
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sector organizations including Maha
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farmers who had been the operators
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11. SRI LANKA (2) INTRODUCTION - 27
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Irrigation System Management before
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Figure 1 shows the current organiza
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3. Operations Under participatory m
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Under INMAS, an Institutional Devel
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The performance of FOs in water dis
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costs. The savings and the official
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Table 1. Major River Basins in Thai
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Economic and Social Development Pla
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Director General Senior Expert on I
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does not address water resources ma
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They typically adopt approaches, wh
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Table 5. Proposed Plan for Implemen
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farmers in water management”. Thi
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seasonal water requirements and sub
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Table 1. Steps to Transfer Manageme
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APO Seminar on Organizational Chang
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Ms. Aquilina D. Mendoza Supervising
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Ms. Barbara R. Doctor Project Offic
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