MAS.632 Conversational Computer Systems - MIT OpenCourseWare

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S -rf 1VIS DI n.u s rvh.. Figure 6.5. The streets in Direction Assistance's database. Irderlive Voice Renpor 119 Figure 6.6. Major software modules in Direction Assistance.
120 VOICE COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS for both house number and street name and informs the user to use the "#"key after entering the house number. Of course, explicit termination can fail if the user neglects to use the termination key. If the user pauses, waiting for a response, the program indicates that it thinks the caller is still entering an address and notes that a terminator key is required. If the user forgets the terminator and simply continues, next entering the street name, the system may detect this. When the number of digits entered exceeds the highest known house number in the database, the system indicates that this is an unknown address, reminds the caller to terminate address entry with a pound sign, and starts over. Entering a street name is more challenging due to multiple instances of the same street name in the database. The caller is prompted to spell the name of the street using one telephone key per character. Again explicit termination is requested. In the case of multiple streets having identical touch tone "spellings," Direction Assistance resorts to a temporal menu of the possible choices. However, much more common than spelling confusion is that the same street may be found in multiple municipalities, or the same name can apply to multiple streets even in one municipality (e.g., Hancock Street, Hancock Place, and Hancock Park in Cambridge). In these circumstances, Direction Assistance again resorts to a temporal menu to finish the selection. To help explain the selection process, the system first indicates why it is confused, e.g., "I don't know whether you mean Hancock Street, Place, or Park. Hit any key when you hear the one you want." Romt. D.,4tk. Once the origin and destination are known, the Route Finder determines a route. The route consists of a path traversing a number of street segments (each segment being approximately one block long). The route is optimized on the basis of distance, quality of the streets, ease of driving (e.g., a penalty is imposed for left turns), and ease of explanation (a zig-zag route may be shorter but may be more complicated and difficult to follow). The next step is the most challenging language-generation task ofthis application. The Describer must take the series of segments from the database and turn it into a coherent description of how to drive to the destination. A list of what to do at each intersection is hardly useful to the driver and interferes with the goal of speaking succinctly. Instead the Describer generates instructions comparable to those a person gives. A passenger assumes the driver takes the "obvious" route (e.g., stays on the main street) until told otherwise. This allows the Describer to compress many sequential segments into a single driving act, e.g., "Stay on Main Street until it merges with Massachusetts Avenue." The Describer employs a taxonomy of intersection types including such classes as continue, forced-turn, turn, fork, onto-rotary, and exit-rotary. A software module associated with each is consulted in order at each intersection. The appropriate module chooses to describe the driving act to perform at this intersection. Succinctness is achieved by having the continue expert usually choose to say nothing unless a street name changes or a significant landmark is encountered.
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VNR Computer Library Advanced Topic
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To Ava andKaya for the patienceto s
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vi VOICE COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTE
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VOICE COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTEgS
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Speaking of Talk As we enter the ne
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Speaking ofTalk The short-term fix
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Preface This book began as graduate
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RFe[e ih This is just the beginning
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4 Applications and Editing of Store
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10 Basics of Telephones This and th
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11 Telephones and Computers The pre
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Bibliography Ades, S. and D. C. Swi
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Biliograply o30 Daly, N. A. and V W
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Bib~lgraphy 309 Klatt, D. H. "Revie
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liblgraphy 311 G.Peterson, W. Wang,
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Bbliography 313 Spiegel, M. F "Usin
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Index p-law, 45, 220, 224 acoustics
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Integrated Services Digital Network
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vocal tract, 19-24, 23 voice mail,
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