MAS.632 Conversational Computer Systems - MIT OpenCourseWare

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Speaking ofTalk The short-term fix was to train students and staff who demonstrated the system to be cool, calm, and collected and to ignore the stature of their guests. Guests were encouraged to wear blue jeans versus uniforms. The longer-term solution resides in a different view of speech, as communication and interaction, not just as a string of words in the acoustic domain. This perspective results in a variety of ideas, of which one is to find the pauses in the speaker's speech' and judiciously issue the utterance "ah ha," taken from a suite of"ah ha's" ranging from the mousy to the elephantine. Namely, as one speaks to a system it should listen and, now and again, say "ah ha"-"ahha"-"ah ha." The user will relax and the system's performance will skyrocket. Discussions of ideas such as this have been highly criticized as yet another example of how members of the Media Lab are mere charlatans. How dare they give a user the false impression that the machine has understood when, in fact, it may not have? The criticism is a perfect example of why computer science is so sensory deprived and getting duller by the day. Critics miss the point totally. Listen to yourself on the telephone. As someone is talking to you, you will naturally issue an "ah ha" every fifteen to thirty seconds. In fact, if you don't, after a while your telephone partner will be forced to ask, "Are you still there?" The point is that the "ah ha" has no lexical value. It is purely a communications protocol, no different from the electronic hand-shaking with which network architects are so familiar. How did this escape researchers in the speech recognition community, itself a mature pursuit for over twenty-five years? The same question can be rephrased: Why was speech production and speech recognition so utterly decoupled? 8 My answer is not popular with most members of the speech community, but it is at the root of why this book is so special. That is, the traditional speech recognition community was fundamentally disinterested in "communication." Its interest was in "transcription"; namely, transcoding from ASCII into utterances or spoken language into ASCII. It was not interested in the tightly coupled interaction of human dialogue, typical of face-to-face communication. That kind of speech, Schmandt's kind of speech, is filled with interruption, retort, and paralinguals (the "ah ha's"), wherein the verbal back-channel is no less important than speech output. This concept is what Voice Communication with Computers brings to the table. Voice Communication with Computers is not just a textbook or tutorial, it is a perspective. Its point of view underscores the need to interact and communicate with computers in much the same way we communicate with human beings. Only when we are able to talk to machines the way we talk to people will the concept of "ease of use" be seriously addressed. 'We all pause, even those of us who speak like machine guns must come up for air. SLiterally, in almost all labs world-wide, researchers in speech production and speech recognition were in different groups, different labs, or different divisions. xv
xvi VOICE COMMUNICATION WITH COMPUTERS Today "ease of use" means simple, direct manipulation, with little or no delegation. The future of computing is discourse and delegation and, for that, speech is mandatory-not a process of transcription but conversation. This is the area pioneered by Schmandt and reflected in the following pages. Nicholas Negroponte MIT Media Lab
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4 Applications and Editing of Store
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Interactive Voice Response This cha
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USES OF VOICE INPUT Sole IW,1 Canna
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Bibliography Ades, S. and D. C. Swi
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Biliograply o30 Daly, N. A. and V W
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Bib~lgraphy 309 Klatt, D. H. "Revie
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liblgraphy 311 G.Peterson, W. Wang,
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Bbliography 313 Spiegel, M. F "Usin
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Index p-law, 45, 220, 224 acoustics
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Integrated Services Digital Network
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vocal tract, 19-24, 23 voice mail,
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