Plant basal resistance - Universiteit Utrecht

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Chapter 2 acquired resistance (SAR), which are based on priming of JA- and SA-dependent defences, respectively, yield additive levels of resistance. Interestingly, the primed PDF1.2 response of accession Bur-0 to JA or wounding + caterpillar regurgitant coincided with a repressed induction of the VSP2 gene (Figure 2). Expression of PDF1.2 and VSP2 mark activities of two antagonistically acting branches of the JA response, which are regulated by the transcription factors ERF1 and ORA59, and MYC2, respectively (Lorenzo et al., 2003; Lorenzo et al., 2004; Pre et al., 2008). The ERF1/ORA59-dependent branch integrates JA and ET signals, whereas the MYC2-dependent branch integrates JA and ABA signals (Lorenzo et al., 2003; Anderson et al., 2004; Pre et al., 2008). Therefore, the primed PDF1.2 response of Bur-0 indicates potentiation of the ERF1/ORA59-dependent JA response (Lorenzo et al., 2004). This branch of the JA response has been described to contribute to basal resistance against necrotrophic pathogens (Anderson et al., 2004; Lorenzo et al., 2004). Indeed, accession Bur-0 displayed enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungus P. cucumerina (Figure 1b) and had previously been described as more resistant to the necrotrophic fungi B. cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum (Llorente et al., 2005). We also showed that Bur-0 is more resistant to feeding by the generalist herbivore S. littoralis (Figure 1c). Although Lorenzo et al. (2004) proposed a dominant role for the MYC2-dependent JA branch in resistance against herbivory, mutations in MYC2 have no consistent effect on basal resistance against S. littoralis (Bodenhausen, 2007). On the other hand, there is ample evidence that ET synergizes JA-dependent defences against herbivores (Von Dahl and Baldwin, 2007). This supports the findings by Van Oosten et al. (2008), who demonstrated that ISR-expressing Col-0 plants are primed to activate PDF1.2 and display enhanced resistance against Spodoptera exigua. Involvement of ET in the JA-responsive phenotype of accession Bur-0 would also explain why we encountered high inter-experiment variation in JA-induced PDF1.2 gene expression during our attempted QTL mapping of this trait. Plants have evolved various strategies to defend themselves against pathogens and herbivores. Apart from the well-characterised zigzag evolution towards R protein-mediated ETI, there are alternative defence strategies that can be equally effective depending on the environmental conditions (Ahmad et al., 2010). Our study has provided genetic evidence that selected Arabidopsis accessions have evolved constitutive priming of basal defence mechanisms, which can boost resistance against virulent pathogens. Mining for similar genetic traits in ancestral crop species will allow for integration of this naturally evolved defence strategy in sustainable pest and disease management. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a BBSRC Institute Career Path Fellowship (UK, grant no. BB/ E023959/1) to J.T., and grants 865.04.002 and 863.04.019 from the Earth and Life Sciences 52
53 Genetic dissection of basal defence responsiveness Foundation (ALW), which is subsidized by The Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research(NWO).
Page 1 and 2: Plant basal resistance: genetics, b
Page 3 and 4: Most of the research described in t
Page 5: Promotor: Prof. dr. Ir. C.M.J. Piet
Page 10 and 11: 10 CHAPTER 1 General Introduction A
Page 12 and 13: Chapter 1 (PRRs; Gomez-Gomez and Bo
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1 by avirulent pathogens (R
Page 16 and 17: Chapter 1 Selective non-pathogenic
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 an endogenous plant signa
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 between defence signallin
Page 22 and 23: Chapter 1 rarely provides complete
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 genetic resources for Ara
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 metabolites are biosynthe
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 constitutively produced i
Page 30: Chapter 1 latest insights. This Cha
Page 33 and 34: ABSTRACT 33 Genetic dissection of b
Page 35 and 36: 35 Genetic dissection of basal defe
Page 45 and 46: Natural variation in responsiveness
Page 51: 51 Genetic dissection of basal defe
Page 57: 57 Genetic dissection of basal defe
Page 61 and 62: ABSTRACT 61 Role of benzoxazinoids
Page 63 and 64: 63 Role of benzoxazinoids in maize
Page 67 and 68: Chemical treatments and callose qua
Page 69 and 70: Aphid infestation stimulates apopla
Page 81 and 82: Table S1: Primers used for RT-qPCR
Page 86 and 87: 86 CHAPTER 4 Benzoxazinoids in root
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 4 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 4 Our study presents eviden
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 4 Maize - P. putida FBC004
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 4 P. putida is tolerant to
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 4 Impact of DIMBOA on the P
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 4 PP5286 dut deoxyuridine 5
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 4 DIMBOA-producing wild-typ
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Chapter 4 DISCUSSION The rhizospher
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Chapter 4 patterns, we considered t
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106
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108 CHAPTER 5 General Discussion
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Chapter 5 QTL was caused by a polym
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Chapter 5 Figure 1: CYP81D11 regula
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Chapter 5 et al., 2009), and allele
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Chapter 5 defence against different
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Chapter 5 occurred at time-points l
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Chapter 5 rhizospheric signals that
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Chapter 5 glucosinolate profiles. 1
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References References Abramovitch R
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References QTL mapping and characte
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References Gianoli E, Niemeyer HM (
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References Kliebenstein DJ, Kroyman
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References Studies in Natural Produ
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References Geniostoma antherotrichu
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References Todesco M, Balasubramani
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References Walters DR, Paterson L,
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Summary Summary Basal resistance in
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Basale re
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Samenvatting inzichten opgeleverd i
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements In
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Curriculum vitae Shakoor was born o
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