Plant basal resistance - Universiteit Utrecht

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Chapter 3 leaves deposited callose in a dose-dependent manner (Figure S4), confirming that chitosan- induce defence of maize is marked by callose deposition. In Arabidopsis, PAMP-induced callose requires endogenous production of indolic GSs (Clay et al., 2009), suggesting a signalling function by these secondary metabolites. Since monocots do not produce indolic GSs, we tested whether BXs fulfil a similar role in maize innate immunity. To this end, we treated leaves with non-saturating concentrations of chitosan (0.05%) and assayed callose deposition in leaves of BX-producing Bx1 igl lines and BX-deficient bx1 igl lines revealed that the BX-deficient lines deposit significantly lower amounts of chitosan-induced callose than the BX-producing lines (Figure 7). Hence, PAMP-induced callose requires regulation by one or more Bx1-dependent metabolites. Since chitosan increases DIMBOA and HDMBOA-glc in the apoplast (Figure 5), we examined which of these two compounds are responsible for Bx1-dependent callose. To this end, we quantified callose intensities at 24 h after apoplast infiltration with either of both compounds. As observed for Bx gene repression (Figure 6), DIMBOA was active and triggered callose deposition in a dose-dependent manner, whereas HDMBOA-glc was inactive and failed to boost callose deposition (Figure 8). Hence, DIMBOA functions as an extracellular signal for PAMP-induced callose. Figure 7: Bx1 regulates chitosan-induced callose deposition. Leaf segments from igl single mutant lines and bx1 igl double mutant lines were infiltrated with chitosan (0.05%) or mock solution. At 24 h after infiltration, leaf segments were collected for aniline-blue staining, UV-epifluoresence microscopy, and digital quantification of callose intensity. Shown are fold-induction values of callose (± SEM; n = 15), relative to the average callose intensity in mock-treated Bx1 igl lines from each cross. Photographs show representative differences in fluorescent callose signals under UV-epifluoresence microscopy. 74
75 Role of benzoxazinoids in maize immunity Figure 8: DIMBOA-induced callose deposition. Infiltration with 20 μg.mL -1 DIMBOA elicits similar levels of callose deposition as infiltration with chitosan (0.1%), whereas infiltration with 20 μg.mL -1 HDMBOAglc had no effect in comparison to the corresponding mock treatment. Shown are fold-induction values of callose deposition (± SEM; n = 15), relative to average callose intensities in mock treatments at 24 h after infiltration treatment. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s LSD test; α = 0.05). Photographs show representative differences in fluorescent callose signals by UV-epifluorescence microscopy. DISCUSSION The role of BXs in plant defence against pests and diseases has been studied for decades. Most of these studies are based on either in vitro evidence, where BX compounds had been supplemented to artificial growth medium, or on correlative evidence between <strong>resistance</strong> and BX levels among cereal varieties and/or inbred lines (for review, see Niemeyer, 1988, 2009). For instance, in vitro supplied DIMBOA has been demonstrated to affect a broad
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Plant basal resistance: genetics, b
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Most of the research described in t
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Promotor: Prof. dr. Ir. C.M.J. Piet
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10 CHAPTER 1 General Introduction A
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Chapter 1 (PRRs; Gomez-Gomez and Bo
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Chapter 1 by avirulent pathogens (R
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Chapter 1 Selective non-pathogenic
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Chapter 1 an endogenous plant signa
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Chapter 1 between defence signallin
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Chapter 1 rarely provides complete
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 genetic resources for Ara
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1 metabolites are biosynthe
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 1 constitutively produced i
Page 30: Chapter 1 latest insights. This Cha
Page 33 and 34: ABSTRACT 33 Genetic dissection of b
Page 35 and 36: 35 Genetic dissection of basal defe
Page 45 and 46: Natural variation in responsiveness
Page 57: 57 Genetic dissection of basal defe
Page 61 and 62: ABSTRACT 61 Role of benzoxazinoids
Page 63 and 64: 63 Role of benzoxazinoids in maize
Page 67 and 68: Chemical treatments and callose qua
Page 69 and 70: Aphid infestation stimulates apopla
Page 73: 73 Role of benzoxazinoids in maize
Page 81 and 82: Table S1: Primers used for RT-qPCR
Page 86 and 87: 86 CHAPTER 4 Benzoxazinoids in root
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 4 INTRODUCTION Plants have
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 4 Our study presents eviden
Page 92 and 93: Chapter 4 Maize - P. putida FBC004
Page 94 and 95: Chapter 4 P. putida is tolerant to
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 4 Impact of DIMBOA on the P
Page 98 and 99: Chapter 4 PP5286 dut deoxyuridine 5
Page 100 and 101: Chapter 4 DIMBOA-producing wild-typ
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 4 DISCUSSION The rhizospher
Page 104 and 105: Chapter 4 patterns, we considered t
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Page 108 and 109: 108 CHAPTER 5 General Discussion
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 QTL was caused by a polym
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 Figure 1: CYP81D11 regula
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 et al., 2009), and allele
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 defence against different
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 occurred at time-points l
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 rhizospheric signals that
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 glucosinolate profiles. 1
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References References Abramovitch R
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References QTL mapping and characte
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References Gianoli E, Niemeyer HM (
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References Kliebenstein DJ, Kroyman
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References Studies in Natural Produ
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References Geniostoma antherotrichu
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References Todesco M, Balasubramani
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References Walters DR, Paterson L,
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Summary Summary Basal resistance in
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Samenvatting Samenvatting Basale re
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Samenvatting inzichten opgeleverd i
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Acknowledgments Acknowledgements In
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Curriculum vitae Shakoor was born o
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List of Publications Published arti
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