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Expert article 879 Baltic Rim Economies, 21.12.2011 Quarterly Review 5�2011 Ioffe Institute and its contribution in the development of nanotechnology in Russia By Andrei G. Zabrodskii The history of the Physical-Technical Institute originates from September 23, 1918. The first director of the Institute, Abram .F. Ioffe — an outstanding scientist and science organizer — laid principles of its effective operation, which rapidly promoted the Institute to among world's leading research centers. These principles are the following: combination of basic research and the ensuing applied studies; determination to tackle with most important problems in the development of science, economy, and defense potential of the country; and training of skilled personnel at the base Faculty for physics and mechanics, created by A.F. Ioffe at Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. The Ioffe Institute is the cradle of domestic physics, in which the future Nobel Prize laureates, N.N. Semenov, L.D. Landau, P.L. Kapitsa, I.E. Tamm, and Zh.I. Alferov, commenced their scientific careers and worked. About 20 country's educational and research institutions have originated with active participation of the Institute staff members. The world's fame was brought to the Institute by works in solidstate physics, semiconductor physics, quantum electronics, power semiconductor electronics, astrophysics, physical gas dynamics, nuclear physics and controlled fusion, plasma physics, and semiconductor heterostructures. At present, studies of Institute's scientists cover nearly all areas of modern physics. Now the Institute comprises 64 scientific laboratories grouped into 5 research divisions. Its staff counts 1058 researchers, including 260 Doctors and 560 Candidates of science. The Institute initiated and coordinated the State program in the field of carbon nanostructures: fullerenes, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, etc., in 1994--2004. At present, the Institute develops techniques for production of nanoporous carbon, detonation nanodiamonds, and graphene for electronics and medicine. In 1995, the concept of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals based on a periodic matrix of synthetic opals was put forward and then implemented at the Ioffe Institute. Ultrafast (~100 fs) photoinduced switching of the photonic energy gap has been achieved in 3D photonic crystals based on opal-semiconductor nanocomposites. A new class of optical materials, photonic-phononic crystals for ultrafast control over light fluxes, has been created. Studies in the field of molecular-beam epitaxy of modulation-doped nanoheterostructures in the systems AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs and AlInAs/InGaAs/InP, commenced at the Ioffe Institute more than 20 years ago, laid foundations of the domestic industry of microwave heterostructure field-effect transistors and made it possible to create Russia's electronic components for radar, telecommunication, and satellite navigation systems. The development of techniques for fabrication of short-period semiconductor superlattices with high structural perfection has resulted in that electronic components for terahertz devices were created. The Ioffe Institute conducts research in the field of epitaxial growth of heterostructures based on wide-bandgap materials (GaN). Methods for fabrication of effectively emitting quantum dots in the InGaN system have been developed, and LEDs for the spectral range from ultraviolet to red have been created. A technique for fabrication of monolithic white LEDs has been developed. End-face and surface-emitting laser structures have been fabricated. Vertical lasing in Bragg-cavity structures under optical excitation at room temperature has been obtained for the first time in the world. 32 During about half a century, the Institute has been occupying world's leading positions in research and development activities related to semiconductor heterostructure lasers: the first patent was obtained in 1962, continuous-wave lasing was achieved in 1969, record-breaking current density (40 A /cm2) was reached in 1988, an injection laser on quantum-dot structures was created in 1994, and world's record in the efficiency of a semiconductor laser (74%) was set in 2004. At present, Institute's developments serve as a basis for setting production of semiconductor heterolasers for various purposes in the country. Ioffe Institute's scientists have made a major contribution to the development of high-efficiency solar cells based on nanoheterostructures. Here, heterostructure solar cells were created for the first time in 1969. Industrial manufacture of space solar cells with increased efficiency and improved radiation hardness was organized in Russia on the basis of these studies. Terrestrial solar photoelectric power installations based on cascaded photovoltaic converters and solar light concentrators, which make it possible to diminish by up to a factor of 1000 the area of the converters, have been developed at the Ioffe Institute. Because of their high efficiency (more than 37%) and precise tracking of the Sun, installations of this kind provide a 2--3-fold increase in the per-unit-area electric power, compared with silicon and thin-film cells. The Ioffe Institute was one of world's research centers at which studies in the physics and technology of amorphous and glassy semiconductors were commenced. Here, an industrial technology for plasmochemical deposition of films of these materials for thin-film field-effect transistors, liquid-crystal displays, and solar cells was developed or the first time in Russia. Studies in the theory, technology, and experiments on photo- and electroluminescence in Si:Er at a wavelength of 1.55 �m, aimed to develop electronic elements for silicon optoelectronics and LEDs working at room temperature, have been carried out at the Ioffe Institute. A technique has been developed for obtaining silicon nanoclusters in a dielectric matrix for light-emitting structures. In 2011, the Research center "Thin-Film Technologies in Power Engineering" was organized at the Ioffe Institute in order to develop technologies for manufacture of thin-film micromorph units. A technique for fabrication of an effective nanocomposite catalyst based on functionalized carbon nanotubes has been developed at the Ioffe Institute. The utilization efficiency of platinum in air-hydrogen fuel cells has been raised by up to a factor of 5, and their specific power has been doubled. A specific power of up to 600 mW/cm2 has been reached for fuel cells with a platinum content of about 300 �g/cm2. Promising designs of compact power sources in the configuration with a free-breathing cathode and electrochemically stable materials have been developed. In recent years, the Ioffe Institute has become one of the most prominent partners of Open Joint-Stock Company “RUSNANO” created in order to develop high-tech nanotechnology-based industries in Russia. Andrei G. Zabrodskii Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Director of the Ioffe Institute Russia � Pan-European Institute � To receive a free copy please register at www.tse.fi/pei �
Expert article 880 Baltic Rim Economies, 21.12.2011 Quarterly Review 5�2011 On innovation activity in Russia By Ruslan Shafiev The current state of the Russian economy shows that the development of innovation policy is a priority for the country's development. In spite of the high scientific and educational potential, the export of raw materials dominates in the economy, and the rate of research intensity of major part of the Russian industry is much lower than in the USA and the EU. Russia is also underrepresented in the world of science. Thus, according to the database of the Web of Science, total amount of Russian researches in the scientific magazines worldwide in 2008 was equal only to 2.48% (while in France - 5.53%, in Germany - 7.5%, in China - 9.69%). Russian indicator in this sphere is at the level of Brazil (2.59%) and the Netherlands (2.46%). Russian science is characterized by the low intensity of the scientific researches (6 publications in the scientific magazines indexed in the Web of Science to 100 researchers in 2008, while in the UK - 33, in Germany - 29, in the USA - 23) and on average, by much lower quality of work (total amount of the Russian researches in the global number of publications in the scientific magazines is 2.48%, its share in the global number of citations in the scientific magazines in 2004- 2009 is equal only to 0.93 has complicated the implementation of the existed goals, has led to the reduction of the expenditures on innovation by the private sector and has complicated the structural weaknesses of the Russian innovation system. I would also like to mention that main efforts for the development of applied science is realized in the framework of federal programs aimed at developing of innovative projects in all priority sectors of the economy. At the same time, high-tech sector programs aimed at technology development in priority sectors of the economy (aviation, shipbuilding, aerospace, nuclear complex, new transport technologies, telecommunications, information security, etc.), in comparison with the interdisciplinary scientific and technological federal programs has received its accelerated development in the recent years. Our activity in 2011-2013 will be focused not only on main directions of state support for the development of corporate research centers, but also on respective tax measures for the promotion of innovative researches and on the appropriate legislative measures for the clarification of legal status of the foundations for the support of scientific, technical and innovative activity. The Foundation for promotion of small enterprises in scientific and technical sphere as well as the appropriate program of state support of small and medium-sized businesses, as before, will be our main mechanisms aimed to support innovative business and entrepreneurship. 33 The Foundation's programs for 2010-2013 will be based on funding of the initial stages of the innovation process (if the commercialization of new research results begins in the form of small enterprises) as well as on the participation in pilot programs to promote innovation center Skolkovo, on the promotion of small innovative enterprises engaged in the implementation of priority programs nominated by the Commission on the Modernization and Technological Development of the Russian economy under the President of the Russian Federation. The development of innovation activity in public corporations and large companies with state participation will be ensured through the implementation of the innovation development programs. In addition to the above mentioned, one of the effective measures should be an effective interaction between companies and leading universities, research institutions, small and medium innovative enterprises in order to use results of their intellectual activity. For the support of such cooperation between private companies and Russian higher educational institutions and organizations the Government of the Russian Federation will allocate grants amounting to $ 19 billion. There will also be adopted a package of amendments to tax legislation, establishing preferential conditions for the companies working in information technology sector, for the period of 2011-2019. Infrastructural development of national innovation system, according to our opinion, is strictly related with the effectiveness of commercialization of intellectual property - the main task of major infrastructure organizations making support to the innovative activities, such as the Foundation for promotion of small enterprises in scientific and technical sphere, the Russian Venture Company, the Russian Nanotechnology Corporation, and the Vnesheconombank (lending of small innovative enterprises). Ruslan Shafiev Doctor of Economics, Professor Moscow (VNIKI) Russia � Pan-European Institute � To receive a free copy please register at www.tse.fi/pei �
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