Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes

(Winograd et al., 1992, 1997) and emergent coral
reef terraces (Szabo et al., 1994; Gallup et al.,
2002; Muhs et al., 2002), although in general the
assumption appears to be more-or-less accurate.
Additional assumptions, including that response
is proportional to forcing, are inherent in tuning.
Recognizing the assumptions inherent in the
SPECMAP time scale, we use this time scale and
the marine oxygen isotope stage terminology in
this report for four reasons:
1. the wide acceptance and use in the
scientific community,
2. the continuous nature of the record,
3. the global aspect of the record, and
4. the ability to subdivide the periods of
time under consideration.
Regarding the latter, for example, the marine
record can accommodate the problem in the use
of “Sangamon,” as used in North America compared
with “Eemian,” in Europe. The Sangamon
interglacial, as used by North Americans, includes
all of Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5), as well
as perhaps parts of MIS 4. However, the Eemian,
as used by most European workers, would include
only MIS 5e or 5.5, an interval within the
greater MIS 5.
Past Climate Variability and Change in the Arctic and at High Latitudes
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