Habitat use and population dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie ...

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Figure 2.5 On a hill north-west of the Khonin Nuga Research Station, looking down onto the Main Breeding Area. Prior to the 2009 fire, the Cyanopica cyanus colony spend most of their time at the Main Breeding Area (large red circle), making occasional foraging forays in groups to three areas across the Eroo River (small red circles). Photo by Nina Tiralla (2008). 20
2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Data collection Habitat utilisation Activity and plant species utilisation I conducted behavioural observations from 21 July 2009 to 6 September 2009, and again from 20 July 2010 to 30 August 2010. Observations were made after the chicks had fledged and could move around with their parents. I conducted daily observations in areas where the birds frequently occurred in years prior to 2009 (Fig. 2.5). I searched for birds systematically, beginning at places where they were last observed, unless sighted prior to the search. If the birds were not found at the sites where I had begun, I moved to the next site, either upstream or downstream, depending on where I started first, and if I started my search on the true left bank of the Eroo River (same side as the field station), I would cross the river on horseback and resume my search on the other side of the river, as long as conditions allowed (e.g. level of water was safe enough to allow crossing). I noted the duration and route of the search, regardless of whether birds were seen or not. My observations were done at 0700-0900, 1030-1330 and 1630-1900 daily unless there was adverse weather or unforeseen circumstances. Whenever birds were encountered, I recorded their location and group size. Location was described using landmarks and later given a short name to facilitate note-taking. Group size was recorded using either: 1) the largest number of birds seen flying over an open area/ across the river, or 2) the maximum number of birds seen at any one time. If both methods were available in an observation event, I used the first method. All observations were conducted at a distance where the birds did not appear to perceive me as a threat (5-10m; initial experience was that if I moved closer than 5m, the birds dispersed). When the birds settled in an area, I recorded the activity, height above ground, and the species of tree or shrub (or substrate) used for the activity performed by the focal bird (Table 2.1; Appendix 1). The activities performed by each focal bird were recorded instantaneously (instantaneous sampling, i.e. observations not lasting more than three seconds). I then moved on to another bird until I had finished observing all members that I could locate by sight. This method was repeated again every five minutes until the group dispersed to a different habitat within the same area, or a new area. A potential bias with this method is that observations on the same individual could be made more than once. If possible, group composition was determined by recording the colour 21
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement Lincoln Univers
Page 3 and 4: The Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica c
Page 5 and 6: proportions of banded adults and ju
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Abstract ........
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1 Definition
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3.9 Proportion of time spent
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Impact and effects of fire Chap
Page 15 and 16: In contrast to the arguments above,
Page 17 and 18: capacity will result in increased i
Page 19 and 20: The subject of this study, Cyanopic
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Methods 2.1 General Infor
Page 23 and 24: The extreme disjunct distribution o
Page 25 and 26: The IUCN lists Cyanopica cyanus as
Page 27 and 28: Clutches range from four to eleven
Page 29 and 30: logging set up a makeshift camp ca.
Page 31: 2.2.2 Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nu
Page 35 and 36: If the group moved on to another ar
Page 37 and 38: Population Dynamics Nest predation
Page 39 and 40: I investigated the similarities of
Page 41 and 42: I performed a Chi-Square Test of As
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.2 Home range of Cyanopica
Page 45 and 46: Kassel The area used by the birds i
Page 47 and 48: 2007. It is also the primary night
Page 49 and 50: (a) (b) Figure 3.6 Detailed map of
Page 51 and 52: significantly from 9% in 2009 to 15
Page 53 and 54: observed individuals in Betula plat
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 Population Dynamics 3.3.1 Frequ
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.6 Life history of individua
Page 59 and 60: Number of individuals 60 50 40 30 2
Page 61 and 62: Proportion (%) of individuals re-si
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.4 Breeding individuals Out of t
Page 65 and 66: 3.3.5 Pair-bond retentions Due to t
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.12 Banded females and known
Page 69 and 70: Proportion (%) of individuals 80 70
Page 71 and 72: coordinate system. However, the res
Page 73 and 74: (Dendrocopus spp. and Picus canus)
Page 75 and 76: also be useful for further studies
Page 77 and 78: Cyanopica cyanus respond to aerial
Page 79 and 80: e explained by the formula which us
Page 81 and 82: Breeding individuals, pair-bonds, s
Page 83 and 84:
UNICEF, 2010). This event and the f
Page 85 and 86:
(Bayartaa et al., 2007). In Norther
Page 87 and 88:
This study provides a baseline for
Page 89 and 90:
BirdLife International. (2009). Cya
Page 91 and 92:
Ford, H.A. (1989) Ecology of Birds:
Page 93 and 94:
Kirkpatrick, C. & Conway, C. (2010)
Page 95 and 96:
Pryde, M.A. (2003) Using Program 'M
Page 97 and 98:
Valendik, E.N., Ivanova, G.A., Chul
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix A Datasheet for observatio
Page 101 and 102:
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar larvae
Page 103 and 104:
The author coming back from a day i
Page 105:
Dense Padus asiatica form a ‘cano
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Habitat use and population dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie ...

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