Habitat use and population dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie ...

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Acknowledgements This two years of Masters degree has had a big impact on me. I had experienced and grown tremendously since I first started the programme. There are a lot of people that have helped and encouraged me along the way and I would like to express my gratitude to them, especially to: Dr. Laura Molles and Dr. Adrian Paterson for being such wonderful supervisors by motivating me at all stages and letting me stick to my schedule. The huge amount of input and feedback are greatly appreciated! Kerry-Jayne Wilson, of whom if I never got to know, would never have entered the wonderful, mysterious and yet endearing world of Mongolia. Thank you also for the wonderful times we had together in the field and also as a friend. My parents, who gave all their full support (both emotionally and financially) without fully knowing or understanding what their daughter is doing. Nina Tiralla, whose friendship I cherish forever. Thank you for your advice, knowledge, and support so that I could understand Mongolian culture better. Former and current MINC students for the emotional support we gave each other while writing our theses. Brad Case for help with ARC GIS and James Ross for help with statistical analysis, especially in using MARK. The Ecology Department for the lending of receiver and antennae for radio tracking. Prof Dr. Mühlenberg and Georg-August University for allowing my stay at the Khonin Nuga field station free of charge; National University of Mongolia; Enkhmaa A., Tungaa and Oonje Ochir for making my stay in Mongolia and the field station a pleasure; Gantulga Bayandonoi for sharing his data. Neville Ross and Kelvin Lewis for the emotional support and proof-reading my drafts at various stages. v
Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Impact and effects of fire .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Effects of Fire on Home Range and Habitat Utilisation ....................................... 3 1.1.2 Effect of Fire on Population Dynamics—Short and Long-term effects ................ 3 1.2 Cooperative breeding ........................................................................................................ 4 1.2.1 Population structures/ dynamics of cooperative breeders ..................................... 6 1.2.2 Cooperative breeding species in fire regimes ....................................................... 6 1.3 General Aims .................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2 Methods ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 General Information about Cyanopica cyanus .................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Species Description & Classification .................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Species Distribution ............................................................................................ 10 2.1.3 Climate and Habitat ............................................................................................. 13 2.1.4 Diet ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 Social behaviour .................................................................................................. 14 2.1.6 Breeding biology ................................................................................................. 14 2.1.7 Predators .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Study sites and subject .................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Study site ............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nuga, Northern Mongolia .................................... 19 2.3 Methods ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Data collection ..................................................................................................... 21 Habitat utilisation ................................................................................................ 21 Activity and plant species utilisation ............................................................ 21 Habitat utilisation ........................................................................................ 23 Radio Tracking ............................................................................................. 23 Population Dynamics .......................................................................................... 25 Nest predation .............................................................................................. 25 Population dynamics .................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 26 Habitat Use .......................................................................................................... 26 Population Dynamics .......................................................................................... 27 Chapter 3 Results ................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Habitat utilisation ............................................................................................................ 30 3.1.1 Habitat description .............................................................................................. 30 vi
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement Lincoln Univers
Page 3 and 4: The Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica c
Page 5: proportions of banded adults and ju
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1 Definition
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3.9 Proportion of time spent
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Impact and effects of fire Chap
Page 15 and 16: In contrast to the arguments above,
Page 17 and 18: capacity will result in increased i
Page 19 and 20: The subject of this study, Cyanopic
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Methods 2.1 General Infor
Page 23 and 24: The extreme disjunct distribution o
Page 25 and 26: The IUCN lists Cyanopica cyanus as
Page 27 and 28: Clutches range from four to eleven
Page 29 and 30: logging set up a makeshift camp ca.
Page 31 and 32: 2.2.2 Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nu
Page 33 and 34: 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Data collection H
Page 35 and 36: If the group moved on to another ar
Page 37 and 38: Population Dynamics Nest predation
Page 39 and 40: I investigated the similarities of
Page 41 and 42: I performed a Chi-Square Test of As
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.2 Home range of Cyanopica
Page 45 and 46: Kassel The area used by the birds i
Page 47 and 48: 2007. It is also the primary night
Page 49 and 50: (a) (b) Figure 3.6 Detailed map of
Page 51 and 52: significantly from 9% in 2009 to 15
Page 53 and 54: observed individuals in Betula plat
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 Population Dynamics 3.3.1 Frequ
Page 57 and 58:
Table 3.6 Life history of individua
Page 59 and 60:
Number of individuals 60 50 40 30 2
Page 61 and 62:
Proportion (%) of individuals re-si
Page 63 and 64:
3.3.4 Breeding individuals Out of t
Page 65 and 66:
3.3.5 Pair-bond retentions Due to t
Page 67 and 68:
Table 3.12 Banded females and known
Page 69 and 70:
Proportion (%) of individuals 80 70
Page 71 and 72:
coordinate system. However, the res
Page 73 and 74:
(Dendrocopus spp. and Picus canus)
Page 75 and 76:
also be useful for further studies
Page 77 and 78:
Cyanopica cyanus respond to aerial
Page 79 and 80:
e explained by the formula which us
Page 81 and 82:
Breeding individuals, pair-bonds, s
Page 83 and 84:
UNICEF, 2010). This event and the f
Page 85 and 86:
(Bayartaa et al., 2007). In Norther
Page 87 and 88:
This study provides a baseline for
Page 89 and 90:
BirdLife International. (2009). Cya
Page 91 and 92:
Ford, H.A. (1989) Ecology of Birds:
Page 93 and 94:
Kirkpatrick, C. & Conway, C. (2010)
Page 95 and 96:
Pryde, M.A. (2003) Using Program 'M
Page 97 and 98:
Valendik, E.N., Ivanova, G.A., Chul
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix A Datasheet for observatio
Page 101 and 102:
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar larvae
Page 103 and 104:
The author coming back from a day i
Page 105:
Dense Padus asiatica form a ‘cano
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