Habitat use and population dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie ...

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3.1.2 Time spent in each area ....................................................................................... 38 3.1.3 Foraging and feeding behaviour .......................................................................... 40 3.2 Radio tracking ................................................................................................................. 42 3.3 Population Dynamics ...................................................................................................... 43 3.3.1 Frequency of nest predation and species responsible .......................................... 43 3.3.2 Colony structure .................................................................................................. 44 3.3.3 Adult and juvenile survival and re-sighting rates ................................................ 48 3.3.4 Breeding individuals ........................................................................................... 51 3.3.5 Pair-bond retentions ............................................................................................ 53 3.3.6 Site fidelity .......................................................................................................... 55 3.3.7 Change in group membership ............................................................................. 57 Chapter 4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 58 4.1 Post-fire Habitat Use in the Khonin Nuga Cyanopica cyanus ........................................ 58 4.1.1 Foraging and other behaviours of the Khonin Nuga Cyanopica cyanus ............. 60 4.2 Radio-tracking ................................................................................................................. 61 4.3 Population Dynamics ...................................................................................................... 63 4.3.1 Predation rates and predator identification .......................................................... 63 4.3.2 Population dynamics of the Khonin Nuga Cyanopica cyanus ............................ 66 4.4 Impact of Environmental Catastrophes on the Khonin Nuga Cyanopica cyanus ........... 70 4.5 The Fire Situation in Mongolia and the West Khentii Region........................................ 72 4.6 Fire Prevention and Management in Mongolia ............................................................... 73 4.7 Conclusions: Implications of this Study in the Light of Global Change ........................ 74 References................................................................................................................................ 76 Appendix A Datasheet for observation fieldwork ............................................................... 87 Appendix B Photos—Life as a Masters Student: Fieldwork in Heaven ............................ 88 vii
List of Tables Table 2.1 Definitions of activities performed by focal bird ................................................ 22 Table 2.2 List of plant species which were observed being utilised by C. cyanus in Khonin Nuga, Northern Mongolia. ..................................................................... 27 Table 2.3 Summary of models used for analysis. For full details see text above. .............. 29 Table 3.1 List of the six main areas utilised by C. cyanus and the description of main vegetation features. Utilised plant species richness here denotes the number of species utilised by C. cyanus that are present in each area. ................................ 38 Table 3.2 Number of observations conducted and the duration for each areas in 2009 and 2010. ............................................................................................................. 39 Table 3.3 Number of observations events that Cyanopica cyanus was observed utilising each listed plant species/ substrate at Khonin Nuga. Other species = Ulmus pulmila, Betula fusca, Crataegus sanguinea, Rosa acicularis, Malus spp., Ribus rubens, Pinus sibirica and Populus laurifolia. * Dead tree includes all plants and trees that were dead, either naturally or from the fire. ....................... 41 Table 3.4 List of plant species observed utilised by C. cyanus and the presence/ absence of each species in each area. 1 = present; 0 = absent. Bp = Betula platyphylla, Pa = Padus asiatica, P = Poa spp., C = Carex spp., Ls = Larix sibirica, Ps = Pinus sibirica, Pl = Populus laurifolia, S = Salix spp., Ra = Rosa acicularis, Rr = Ribus rubrus, Cs = Crataegus sanguinea, Up = Ulmus pumila, Bf = Betula fusca, M = Malus spp. .............................................................................. 42 Table 3.5 Details of banded adult birds in 2006-2010. Adult birds here include birds banded as adults and birds born into this colony. Yearlings were considered as adults and included in this table. ..................................................................... 44 Table 3.6 Life history of individuals that were born into this colony and banded as fledglings. No data for breeding was recorded in 2006. Bred here is defined as individuals that attempted breeding, but didn’t necessarily fledged chicks. ....... 45 Table 3.7 Estimation of number of adults, and juveniles in the colony each year, from 2006 to 2010 using the methodology following Davidson & Armstrong (2002). There was no breeding data for 2006, hence only total number of adults in colony was estimated. ........................................................................... 45 Table 3.8 Proportion (%) of the colony that was banded each year. No visual estimation was done for 2006. Visual estimations in early autumn (September) each year was used. ............................................................................................................. 46 Table 3.9 Models that had a Delta QAICc of 2 or less. The models have been corrected for overdispersion. ............................................................................................... 49 Table 3.10 Description of the two models that best fit the data. ........................................... 50 Table 3.11 Pair bonds 2007-2010. Data is only presented when at least one of the pair was identified. F= female; M= male; Unknown= unbanded individual. ............ 54 Table 3.12 Banded females and known pair-bonds. *These females had an unbanded mate in 2008. ^ This female died during incubation in 2009. Y=Yes; N= No. .... 55 viii
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement Lincoln Univers
Page 3 and 4: The Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica c
Page 5 and 6: proportions of banded adults and ju
Page 7: Table of Contents Abstract ........
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3.9 Proportion of time spent
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Impact and effects of fire Chap
Page 15 and 16: In contrast to the arguments above,
Page 17 and 18: capacity will result in increased i
Page 19 and 20: The subject of this study, Cyanopic
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Methods 2.1 General Infor
Page 23 and 24: The extreme disjunct distribution o
Page 25 and 26: The IUCN lists Cyanopica cyanus as
Page 27 and 28: Clutches range from four to eleven
Page 29 and 30: logging set up a makeshift camp ca.
Page 31 and 32: 2.2.2 Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nu
Page 33 and 34: 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Data collection H
Page 35 and 36: If the group moved on to another ar
Page 37 and 38: Population Dynamics Nest predation
Page 39 and 40: I investigated the similarities of
Page 41 and 42: I performed a Chi-Square Test of As
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.2 Home range of Cyanopica
Page 45 and 46: Kassel The area used by the birds i
Page 47 and 48: 2007. It is also the primary night
Page 49 and 50: (a) (b) Figure 3.6 Detailed map of
Page 51 and 52: significantly from 9% in 2009 to 15
Page 53 and 54: observed individuals in Betula plat
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 Population Dynamics 3.3.1 Frequ
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.6 Life history of individua
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Number of individuals 60 50 40 30 2
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Proportion (%) of individuals re-si
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3.3.4 Breeding individuals Out of t
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3.3.5 Pair-bond retentions Due to t
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Table 3.12 Banded females and known
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Proportion (%) of individuals 80 70
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coordinate system. However, the res
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(Dendrocopus spp. and Picus canus)
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also be useful for further studies
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Cyanopica cyanus respond to aerial
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e explained by the formula which us
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Breeding individuals, pair-bonds, s
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UNICEF, 2010). This event and the f
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(Bayartaa et al., 2007). In Norther
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This study provides a baseline for
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BirdLife International. (2009). Cya
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Ford, H.A. (1989) Ecology of Birds:
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Kirkpatrick, C. & Conway, C. (2010)
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Pryde, M.A. (2003) Using Program 'M
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Valendik, E.N., Ivanova, G.A., Chul
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Appendix A Datasheet for observatio
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Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar larvae
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The author coming back from a day i
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Dense Padus asiatica form a ‘cano
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