Habitat use and population dynamics of the Azure-Winged Magpie ...

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Table 3.1 List of the six main areas utilised by C. cyanus and the description of main vegetation features. Utilised plant species richness here denotes the number of species utilised by C. cyanus that are present in each area. Area Utilised Plant Species Richness Kassel 11 Betula woodland Khonin Nuga Main Breeding Area Padus Patch Sharlan Meadows 12 12 10 12 5 3.1.2 Time spent in each area 38 Main habitat features Meadow with scattered Padus asiatica shrubs; meadow consists of herbs such as Lilium dauricum, Iris sanguinea and Rosa acicularis B. platyphylla woodland with Rosa acicularis shrubs and grass; Riverine scrub, dominated by Salix spp.and P. asiatica with R. acicularis and Ribes rubrus growing in understorey; Mixed meadows, dominated by Poa spp. and R. acicularis Field station, surrounded mainly by grazed meadow; B. platyphylla trees > 5m in height lining the riverbank Tall grass meadows, with herbs and shrubs e.g. R. acicularis; meadow with P. asiatica; B. platyphylla > 5m in height lining riverbank; large patch of Salix spp. > 5m in height next to riverbank and near foothills Dense P. asiatica shrubs; B. platyphylla woodland with sparse underground cover, mostly herbs e.g. R. acicularis Meadows with Poa spp., other herbs and scattered P. asiatica shrubs near the stream; B. platyphylla ≤ 5m lining riverbank I made 68 search attempts over 29 days in 2009 and 80 search attempts over 38 days in 2010. In 2009, 57.4% (39 out of 68) of my search attempts were futile, whereas only 11.25% (9 out of 80) attempts were futile in 2010. There was a strong association between years (2009 and 2010) and the search success (χ 2 = 35.651, df =1, P < 0.001). However, there was no difference between the average amount of time spent observing the colony in 2009 and 2010 (t = 0.034, P = 0.973, n = 47; Fig. 3.7). For both years, I spent an average of 41 minutes for each observation event. I made 152 observations in 2009 and 2010, a total duration of 102 hours and 55 minutes (Table 3.3). This colony of Cyanopica cyanus spent the greatest amount of time in the Padus Patch area in both 2009 and 2010 (24% and 38% respectively; Fig. 3.8 & 3.9). There was a significant difference between the proportions of time spent in Padus Patch between the two years (two sample binomial test = 14.2%, P < 0.001). Amount of time spent in the Sharlan Meadows was 17% in 2009 but decreased significantly to 6% in 2010 (two sample binomial test = 14.3%, P < 0.001). A similar trend was found with the use of the Kassel area—the proportion of time spent was 19% in 2009 but decreased significantly to 9% in 2010 (two sample binomial test = 11.42%, P < 0.001). However, the proportion of time spent in the Betula Woodlands increased
significantly from 9% in 2009 to 15% in 2010 (two sample binomial test = 6.02%, P < 0.001). The use of the Main Breeding Area also increased significantly, from 15% in 2009 to 22% in 2010 (two sample binomial test = 6.87%, P < 0.001). The use of ‘other areas’ in both years, such as cliffs, hill slopes, forested land between the two rivers Sharlan and Khong, and an area outside of the C. cyanus home range were all under 10% of total observations, so they were all combined into one category. The use of ‘other areas’ in both years were not significant (two sample binomial test = 0.31%, P = 0.76). Average duration (min) / observation event 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2009 2010 Figure 3.7 Mean duration (minutes) ± SE spent in each observation event when Cyanopica cyanus colony was located. Table 3.2 Number of observations conducted and the duration for each areas in 2009 and 2010. 2009 2010 No. of Duration No. of Duration observations (min) observations (min) Kassel 11 430 6 360 Betula woodland 6 210 16 580 Khonin Nuga 6 185 5 125 Main Breeding Area 8 325 24 855 Padus Patch 15 535 36 1500 Sharlan Meadows 6 375 4 220 Other areas 3 175 6 300 Total 55 2235 97 3940 39
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Statement Lincoln Univers
Page 3 and 4: The Azure-winged Magpie Cyanopica c
Page 5 and 6: proportions of banded adults and ju
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Abstract ........
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 2.1 Definition
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3.9 Proportion of time spent
Page 13 and 14: 1.1 Impact and effects of fire Chap
Page 15 and 16: In contrast to the arguments above,
Page 17 and 18: capacity will result in increased i
Page 19 and 20: The subject of this study, Cyanopic
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 2 Methods 2.1 General Infor
Page 23 and 24: The extreme disjunct distribution o
Page 25 and 26: The IUCN lists Cyanopica cyanus as
Page 27 and 28: Clutches range from four to eleven
Page 29 and 30: logging set up a makeshift camp ca.
Page 31 and 32: 2.2.2 Cyanopica cyanus in Khonin Nu
Page 33 and 34: 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Data collection H
Page 35 and 36: If the group moved on to another ar
Page 37 and 38: Population Dynamics Nest predation
Page 39 and 40: I investigated the similarities of
Page 41 and 42: I performed a Chi-Square Test of As
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.2 Home range of Cyanopica
Page 45 and 46: Kassel The area used by the birds i
Page 47 and 48: 2007. It is also the primary night
Page 49: (a) (b) Figure 3.6 Detailed map of
Page 53 and 54: observed individuals in Betula plat
Page 55 and 56: 3.3 Population Dynamics 3.3.1 Frequ
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.6 Life history of individua
Page 59 and 60: Number of individuals 60 50 40 30 2
Page 61 and 62: Proportion (%) of individuals re-si
Page 63 and 64: 3.3.4 Breeding individuals Out of t
Page 65 and 66: 3.3.5 Pair-bond retentions Due to t
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.12 Banded females and known
Page 69 and 70: Proportion (%) of individuals 80 70
Page 71 and 72: coordinate system. However, the res
Page 73 and 74: (Dendrocopus spp. and Picus canus)
Page 75 and 76: also be useful for further studies
Page 77 and 78: Cyanopica cyanus respond to aerial
Page 79 and 80: e explained by the formula which us
Page 81 and 82: Breeding individuals, pair-bonds, s
Page 83 and 84: UNICEF, 2010). This event and the f
Page 85 and 86: (Bayartaa et al., 2007). In Norther
Page 87 and 88: This study provides a baseline for
Page 89 and 90: BirdLife International. (2009). Cya
Page 91 and 92: Ford, H.A. (1989) Ecology of Birds:
Page 93 and 94: Kirkpatrick, C. & Conway, C. (2010)
Page 95 and 96: Pryde, M.A. (2003) Using Program 'M
Page 97 and 98: Valendik, E.N., Ivanova, G.A., Chul
Page 99 and 100: Appendix A Datasheet for observatio
Page 101 and 102:
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar larvae
Page 103 and 104:
The author coming back from a day i
Page 105:
Dense Padus asiatica form a ‘cano
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