Soil Management Handbook - Ministry of Agriculture and Lands

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Table 10 Effective Rooting Depth of Mature Crops for Irrigation System Design Shallow 0.45 m Medium Shallow 0.60 m Medium Deep 0.90 m Deep 1.20 m Cabbage Bean Brussel Sprouts Alfalfa Cauliflower Beet Cereals Asparagus Clover (ladino) Broccoli Clover (red) Blackberry Cucumber Carrot Corn (sweet) Corn (field) Lettuce Celery Eggplant Grape Onion Pea Pepper Loganberry Radish Potato Squash Raspberry Rangeland species Spinach Tree Fruit –Pear Tree Fruit – Other Turnip Strawberry Ginseng Tomato Blueberry Forage grass Table 11 Available Water Storage Capacity (AWSC) Textural Class AWSC cm of Water/m of Soil Sand 6.5 – 10.0 Loamy Sand 8.0 – 10.0 Sandy Loam 9.0 – 15.0 Fine Sandy Loam 10.0 – 14.0 Loam 14.0 – 19.0 Silt Loam 19.0 – 23.0 Clay Loam 16.5 – 22.0 Clay 20.0 – 25.0 Organic Soils (Muck) 23.0 – 27.0 3.1.1.4 Availability Coefficient Different crops have varying capabilities of withdrawing moisture from the soil. Only a portion of the total AWSC is readily available for plant use. The availability coefficient is the maximum fraction of the total AWSC stored in the root zone that can be removed before irrigation is required. Allowing depletion of soil moisture to exceed the levels indicated by the availability coefficient, may result in a reduction of crop yields. Table 12 lists the availability coefficients for various crops. 3.1.1.5 Maximum Irrigation System Application Rate Water infiltration into the soil surface depends on soil texture, structure and type of ground cover. The irrigation system application rate should be limited to the infiltration capability of the soil. The objective is to eliminate runoff, ponding of water and puddling of the soil under the irrigation system. Exceeding the maximum design application rates shown below, could lead to soil degradation by compaction or erosion over the long term. Soil compaction and erosion can result in lower crop yields if poor irrigation practices are continued from year to year. Proper nozzle selection and maintenance is important to ensure that maximum soil infiltration rates are not exceeded. Soil Management Handbook – Okanagan-Similkameen Valleys 49
Table 12 Availability Coefficients Crop Coefficient Peas 0.35 Potatoes 0.35 Tree Fruits 0.40 Grapes 0.40 Tomatoes 0.40 All other crops until other data available 0.50 Table 13 provides values for the estimated maximum application rates for various soil textures and ground cover under normal irrigation set times. The rates shown are assuming irrigation set times of between 4 to 24 hours. Acceptable maximum application rates for irrigation set times less than this time frame may be different. The values shown below are for level ground. For sloping ground the maximum rate must be reduced. A general rule is to reduce the maximum application rate by 25% for field slopes exceeding 10% and by 50% for fields with slopes exceeding 20%. Field tests under actual sprinkler conditions should be conducted to determine accurate application rates. There is an increased risk of soil erosion, mass wasting or other soil water related problems when application rates exceed those given in Table 13. 3.1.1.6 Maximum Irrigation Interval The maximum irrigation interval is the maximum number of days between irrigations that a crop can sustain optimum growth and production. It is calculated by dividing the maximum soil water deficit by the peak evapotranspiration rate. The actual irrigation interval may differ from the maximum irrigation interval if the irrigation system does not apply the total amount of water capable of being stored in the soil at the maximum soil water deficit. Irrigation should be applied to most crops when 50% of the water in the soil, which is available to the plants, has been depleted. 3.1.1.7 Evapotranspiration Rates Evapotranspiration (ET) is a measure of the rate at which water is transpired from plants plus the water evaporated from the soil and crop surface. The peak ET averaged over the irrigation interval decreases as the interval increases. Since the irrigation interval is related to the AWSC of the soil, peak ET decreases with an increase in maximum soil water deficit. Table 14 provides the best estimates of the highest Table 13 Maximum Design Application Rates (based on a soil infiltration rate when irrigation set is >4 hours) Textural Class Grass Sod (cm/hr) Cultivated (cm/hr) Sand 1.9 1.0 Loamy Sand 1.7 0.9 Sandy Loam 1.2 0.6 Fine Sandy Loam 1.0 0.6 Loam 0.9 0.5 Silt Loam 0.9 0.5 Clay Loam 0.8 0.4 Clay 0.6 0.3 Organic Soils (Muck) 1.3 1.3 50 Soil Management Handbook – Okanagan-Similkameen Valleys
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Soil Management Handbook For The Ok
Page 4 and 5:
Preface The Soil Management Handboo
Page 6 and 7:
Table Of Contents Preface..........
Page 8 and 9:
Table of Contents Con't. Page 3.6 D
Page 10 and 11:
List Of Soil Management Groups And
Page 12: List Of Tables Table1: Farm Conserv
Page 15 and 16: To obtain information about the soi
Page 17 and 18: List of Definitions for Table 1 Con
Page 19 and 20: Well Suited Crops • All necessary
Page 21 and 22: Soil Depth refers to the depth to e
Page 23 and 24: Grapes: grape suitability is strong
Page 25 and 26: Soil Management Groups This section
Page 27 and 28: Gammil Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 29 and 30: Greata Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 31 and 32: Kelowna Soil Management Group Soil
Page 33 and 34: Munson Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 35 and 36: Postill Soil Management Group Soil
Page 37 and 38: Rumohr Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 39 and 40: Skaha Soil Management Group Soil Se
Page 41 and 42: Summerland Soil Management Group So
Page 43 and 44: Miscellaneous Soils Soil Series: Ar
Page 45 and 46: Soil Management Guide This section
Page 47 and 48: Table 5 Soil Particle Size and Char
Page 49 and 50: Table 6 Physical Characteristics of
Page 51 and 52: plant roots and organic matter. The
Page 53 and 54: The bulk density of high organic mi
Page 55 and 56: Other management practices, such as
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11 Schematic drawing of the
Page 59 and 60: 1 m, etc., in an orchard block wher
Page 61: 3. Water Management High rainfall d
Page 65 and 66: Impact of large drops of water disp
Page 67 and 68: The single most important soil fact
Page 69 and 70: land. Drainage systems are also nec
Page 71 and 72: Detailed information is provided in
Page 73 and 74: Table 16 Generalized Soil Profile D
Page 75 and 76: Table 17 Drain Recommendations Base
Page 77 and 78: is very susceptible to structure de
Page 79 and 80: vertically into the soil and as it
Page 81 and 82: Figure 19 Schematic drawing of the
Page 83 and 84: Case 1: Well Structured Soils If th
Page 85 and 86: fracture requires the soil to expan
Page 87 and 88: "tie up" some soil nitrogen, althou
Page 89 and 90: efer to the following Factsheets: S
Page 91 and 92: contaminate groundwater. Water cont
Page 93 and 94: Table 18 N, P and K Content of Vari
Page 95 and 96: field access is possible, manure ap
Page 97 and 98: Annual or permanent cover will redu
Page 99 and 100: agricultural production, its impact
Page 101 and 102: References Published Sources Agricu
Page 103 and 104: Stevenson, D.S. and Brownlee, C.H.
Page 105 and 106: Appendix A-2 Figure 2 Typical summe
Page 107 and 108: Appendix A-4 fall frost. The angle
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A-6 Abbreviations Used in
Page 111 and 112: Appendix B: Soil Series And Locatio
Page 113 and 114:
Greata Soil Management Group Greata
Page 115 and 116:
Postill Soil Management Group Eanea
Page 117 and 118:
Miscellaneous Soils Armstrong (A:er
Page 119:
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT B.C
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Soil Management Handbook - Ministry of Agriculture and Lands

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