Soil Management Handbook - Ministry of Agriculture and Lands

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Depending on the classification of the soil, the remedial measures required to manage the salts are different for each group. The following gives a brief outline of the management tools for salt affected soils. Saline • Drainage to remove excess groundwater or assist in removal of leached salts. • Application of non-saline irrigation water. • Growth of salt tolerant crops. • Incorporation of organic matter preferably not manure or compost as they often contain high levels of soluble salts. Saline-Alkali • Drainage to remove excess groundwater or assist in removal of leached salts. • Addition of gypsum, calcium chloride, sulphur or sulphuric acid to drive carbonates and sodium out of the soil. The best choice is gypsum as it is soluble and easy to handle. • Application of non-saline irrigation water. • Growth of salt tolerant crops. • Incorporation of organic matter preferably not manure or compost as they often contain high levels of soluble salts. Non-Saline-Alkali • Drainage to remove excess groundwater or assist in removal of leached salts. • Addition of gypsum, calcium chloride, sulphur or sulphuric acid to drive carbonates and sodium out of the soil. The best choice is gypsum as it is soluble and easy to handle. • Incorporation of organic matter preferably not manure or compost as they often contain high levels of soluble salts. • Application of non-saline irrigation water. Crops vary in their range of tolerance to salts. Grapes, asparagus and squash have a moderate to high tolerance to salts where as apples, beans and clover are much less tolerant. Soil Management Handbook – Okanagan-Similkameen Valleys 59
Table 16 Generalized Soil Profile Descriptions and Comments Soil Category 1 0 to 150 cm medium-coarse-texture. Water infiltration and movement through the soil is good. This allows for easy watertable control. There is little likelihood of surface ponding to occur. Drainage is most effective by means of underdrainage. There is no need for special surface drainage provisions, but land leveling should not be ruled out to eliminate problems in low areas. The water-holding capacity is low making provisions for irrigation desirable. Drains should be fitted with a filter. Iron ochre hazard is high. 2 0 to 150 cm medium-texture (well structured). Water infiltration and transmission through the soil is moderately high, but surface ponding can be a problem. Watertable control is effective with underdrains. Surface drainage provisions are not normally required, but land leveling is recommended. The soil holds water quite well and irrigation needs are not high. 3 0 to 150 cm fine-texture (well structured). Water infiltration and transmission through the soil is low with a fairly high surface ponding hazard. Watertable control is difficult. Underdrains are suitable, but a close spacing is necessary. Blind surface inlets should be considered in troublesome depressions particularly under sloping conditions. Soils in this category respond well to subsoiling and careful soil management is a prerequisite for effective water control. Land leveling is strongly recommended. 4 0 to 100 cm coarse-texture (well structured)//100 to 150 cm fine-texture, moderately compact. Water infiltration and transmission through the soil is high. Ponding hazard is low. Underdrains are the most effective way of controlling the watertable and there is no need for special surface drainage provisions. Irrigation requirements are high. Filters are not needed if the drains can be placed sufficiently deep into the subsoil. Iron ochre hazard is high. 5 0 to 100 cm medium-texture (well structured)//100 to 150 cm fine-texture, moderately compact. The capacity of the soil to accept and transmit water is moderate to low requiring a relatively close drain spacing for good watertable control. Where the dense subsoil is less than 100 cm deep, porous soil material or gravel should be used to bind the drains. Underdrains are most appropriate for drainage and land leveling is a good measure to eliminate depressions and the likelihood of surface ponding. Under sloping conditions, there is a moderate to moderately high suitability for subirrigation. 6 0 to 100 cm fine-texture (well structured)//100 to 150 cm fine-texture, moderately compact. Control of excess water in this soil is difficult. A close drain spacing must be used for adequate control and considerable emphasis must be placed on proper soil management to achieve satisfactory results. Land leveling and judicious use of blind surface inlets in depressions is recommended. Irrigation requirements are not high due to the high water-holding capacity. This soil responds well to subsoiling. When the land slopes, there is a high risk of water erosion. 7 0 to 50 cm coarse-texture//50 to 150 cm fine-texture, moderately compact. This soil accepts water readily, but transmission of water is hampered by the dense subsoil. Drains are well suited to control the watertable and filters are not necessary provided drains are placed at the recommended depth. There is little danger of surface ponding, and except for land leveling, there is no need for surface drainage provisions. Irrigation need is relatively high. Improving the soil depth through subsoiling is recommended. The possibility of encountering ochre is quite high. 8 0 to 50 cm medium-texture//50 to 150 cm fine-texture, moderately compact. Excess water management poses difficulties because of the shallow surface soil. Drains must be place close together and at a shallower depth than normal. Blinding with porous soil or gravel is recommended. This soil requires emphasis on drainage measures related to the surface. Land levelling and the use of blind surface inlets in depressions, and in other strategic locations, is needed for optimum water control. With slope, surface interceptors are necessary to stop erosion. Subsoiling will deepen the effective soil depth and aid in water movement, and should be done prior to drain installation. Ochre hazard is low. 60 Soil Management Handbook – Okanagan-Similkameen Valleys
Page 2 and 3:
Soil Management Handbook For The Ok
Page 4 and 5:
Preface The Soil Management Handboo
Page 6 and 7:
Table Of Contents Preface..........
Page 8 and 9:
Table of Contents Con't. Page 3.6 D
Page 10 and 11:
List Of Soil Management Groups And
Page 12:
List Of Tables Table1: Farm Conserv
Page 15 and 16:
To obtain information about the soi
Page 17 and 18:
List of Definitions for Table 1 Con
Page 19 and 20:
Well Suited Crops • All necessary
Page 21 and 22: Soil Depth refers to the depth to e
Page 23 and 24: Grapes: grape suitability is strong
Page 25 and 26: Soil Management Groups This section
Page 27 and 28: Gammil Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 29 and 30: Greata Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 31 and 32: Kelowna Soil Management Group Soil
Page 33 and 34: Munson Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 35 and 36: Postill Soil Management Group Soil
Page 37 and 38: Rumohr Soil Management Group Soil S
Page 39 and 40: Skaha Soil Management Group Soil Se
Page 41 and 42: Summerland Soil Management Group So
Page 43 and 44: Miscellaneous Soils Soil Series: Ar
Page 45 and 46: Soil Management Guide This section
Page 47 and 48: Table 5 Soil Particle Size and Char
Page 49 and 50: Table 6 Physical Characteristics of
Page 51 and 52: plant roots and organic matter. The
Page 53 and 54: The bulk density of high organic mi
Page 55 and 56: Other management practices, such as
Page 57 and 58: Figure 11 Schematic drawing of the
Page 59 and 60: 1 m, etc., in an orchard block wher
Page 61 and 62: 3. Water Management High rainfall d
Page 63 and 64: Table 12 Availability Coefficients
Page 65 and 66: Impact of large drops of water disp
Page 67 and 68: The single most important soil fact
Page 69 and 70: land. Drainage systems are also nec
Page 71: Detailed information is provided in
Page 75 and 76: Table 17 Drain Recommendations Base
Page 77 and 78: is very susceptible to structure de
Page 79 and 80: vertically into the soil and as it
Page 81 and 82: Figure 19 Schematic drawing of the
Page 83 and 84: Case 1: Well Structured Soils If th
Page 85 and 86: fracture requires the soil to expan
Page 87 and 88: "tie up" some soil nitrogen, althou
Page 89 and 90: efer to the following Factsheets: S
Page 91 and 92: contaminate groundwater. Water cont
Page 93 and 94: Table 18 N, P and K Content of Vari
Page 95 and 96: field access is possible, manure ap
Page 97 and 98: Annual or permanent cover will redu
Page 99 and 100: agricultural production, its impact
Page 101 and 102: References Published Sources Agricu
Page 103 and 104: Stevenson, D.S. and Brownlee, C.H.
Page 105 and 106: Appendix A-2 Figure 2 Typical summe
Page 107 and 108: Appendix A-4 fall frost. The angle
Page 109 and 110: Appendix A-6 Abbreviations Used in
Page 111 and 112: Appendix B: Soil Series And Locatio
Page 113 and 114: Greata Soil Management Group Greata
Page 115 and 116: Postill Soil Management Group Eanea
Page 117 and 118: Miscellaneous Soils Armstrong (A:er
Page 119: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT B.C
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Soil Management Handbook - Ministry of Agriculture and Lands

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