Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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42 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY Dust and lint are produced in the highest quantities by the processing of natural fibre and synthetic staple prior to and during spinning, by napping and by carpet shearing. To a lesser extent, most other textile processes produce lint. While this is not a pollutant itself the presence of lint can interfere with other pollution abatement processes.
I 4 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES mplementation of cleaner production techniques at any manufacturing plant can help to reduce effluent characteristics and volume considerably. It will also reduce the overuse of raw materials and energy. The economic advantages gained by implementing cleaner production are twofold: it will reduce both the costs of production and the need for costly end-of-pipe pollution control facilities. At the same time, health and environmental impacts on plant workers and the surrounding community arc reduced. Cleaner production techniques may be classified into three groups: water and energy conservation, optimisation of chemical usage and process or equipment modifications. • 4.1 WATER AND ENERGY CONSERVATION Table 5 details some interesting statistics about water usage (per unit of production) in different sectors of the textile industry. This data clearly shows a significant variation in water usage even within each plant category, due to the differences in the washing cycles, washing equipment employed and extent of water re-use. Where a large difference exists between the median and maximum values this probably renects instances of indiscriminate water use including bad housekeeping. Sharp differences between the median and minimum values may indicate instances of strict control over water use and better housekeeping, water re-use or the selection of improved washing equipment. Water conservation significantly reduces effluent volume. It is not unusual to find situations where a reduction of more than 25010 in water usage can be achieved by following water conservation practices. Common sources of water waste are excessive water use in washing operations and poor housekeeping measures such as broken or missing valves, unattended leaks from pipes and hoses, instances when cooling waters are left funning when machinery is shut down, etc. Implementation of strict housekeeping measures such as plugging leakages, checks on running taps and the installation of water meters or level controllers on major water carrying lines are examples of simple water con.servation 43
Page 4 and 5: T FOREWORD extile production is an
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOW
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF TABLES 1 Typical Chemicals
Page 10 and 11: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS Accelerators:
Page 12: GLOSSARY Kier: A piece of equipment
Page 15 and 16: 18 SUMMARY Careful handling and use
Page 17 and 18: 20 INTRODUCTION ness. This same awa
Page 19: 22 OVERVIEW Of TEXTILE WET PROCESSI
Page 26: OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING
Page 29: • 3.1 SOURCES OF IMPACT I 3 ENVIR
Page 35: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE
Page 44 and 45: 48 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AN
Page 48: 52 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHN1QUES AN
Page 51: CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND P
Page 55: 5 END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT • 5.1 LIQ
Page 62 and 63: 66 ENO-OF-t,>JPE TREATMENT this pro
Page 64 and 65: 6 POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAM
Page 68 and 69: POLlCY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEW
Page 72 and 73: ANNEX A REFERENCES AND FURTHER READ
Page 74 and 75: ANNEX A 79 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFF
Page 76 and 77: ANNEX B INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE RESEA
Page 78: CASE STUDY 1 ANNEX C CASE STUDIES O
Page 84 and 85: ANNEX C 89 Source: Catalogue ofSucc
Page 86: h 92 Lv' ANNEX D EXAMPLES OF MATERI
Page 94:
100 ANNEX D GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE
Page 99 and 100:
1. W.ASTE AND EMISSION AUDITING ANN
Page 102:
lOS ANNEX E EXAMPLE OF WASTE AUDIT
Page 107 and 108:
, 1 "j •.. ANNEX E 113 Water Re-u
Page 109:
116 ANNEX F Woven Fabric Finishing
Page 112:
120 S; ANNExa are aJso expected to
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Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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