Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 11 GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 13 SUMMARY 17 1.0 INTRODUCTION 19 I. I Cleaner Production 19 !.2 Pollution Control Strategies 20 1.3 About this Report 20 2.0 OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING OPERATIONS 21 2.1 Wool Scouring 22 2.2 Wool Finishing 22 2.3 Dry Processing 22 2.4 Woven Fabric Finishing 26 2.5 Knit Fabric Finishing 26 2.6 Carpet Manufacture 29 2.7 Stock and Yarn Dyeing and Finishing 29 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE JNDUSTRY 33 3.1 Sources of Impact 33 3.2 Water Pollution Sources and Characteristics 38 3.3 Air Emissions Sources and Occupational Safety 41 4.0 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES 43 4.1 Water and Energy Conservation 43 4.2 Optimisation of Chemical Usage 48 4.3 Choice and Modification of Processes and Equipment 49 4.3.1 Washing Operations 52 4.3.2 Optimisation of Sizing-Desizing Systems 54 4.3.3 Pad-Batch Dyeing 54 4.3.4 Solvent Processing 55 4.3.5 Transfer Printing 56 4.3.6 Foam Processing Technology 58 7
8 5.0 END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT 59 5.1 Liquid Effluent Treatment 59 5.1.1 Screening 60 5.1.2 Equalisation and Neu tralisation 60 5.1.3 Oil and Grease Separation 62 5.1.4 Chromium Removal 62 5.1.5 Biological Treatment 63 5.1.6 Colour Removal 65 5.2 Sludge Treatment and Disposal 66 5.3 Air Emissions Comrol 66 6.0 POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 69 6.1 Policies and their Implications 69 6.2 Managing and Auditing Resource Consumption 70 6.3 Environmental Regulations 73 ANNEXES A. References and Further Reading 77 B. International Textile Research Organisations and Journals 81 C. Case Studies on Cleaner Production 83 D. Safe Handling of Textile Chemicals 91 E. Waste and Emission and Energy Audits 105 F. US EPA, BAT and BPT Effluent Limits for the Textile Industry 115 G. About the UNEP Industry and Environment Centre 119
Page 4 and 5: T FOREWORD extile production is an
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF TABLES 1 Typical Chemicals
Page 10 and 11: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS Accelerators:
Page 12: GLOSSARY Kier: A piece of equipment
Page 15 and 16: 18 SUMMARY Careful handling and use
Page 17 and 18: 20 INTRODUCTION ness. This same awa
Page 19: 22 OVERVIEW Of TEXTILE WET PROCESSI
Page 26: OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING
Page 29: • 3.1 SOURCES OF IMPACT I 3 ENVIR
Page 35: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE
Page 38 and 39: 42 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXT
Page 44 and 45: 48 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AN
Page 48: 52 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHN1QUES AN
Page 51: CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND P
Page 55: 5 END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT • 5.1 LIQ
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66 ENO-OF-t,>JPE TREATMENT this pro
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6 POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAM
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POLlCY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEW
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ANNEX A REFERENCES AND FURTHER READ
Page 74 and 75:
ANNEX A 79 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFF
Page 76 and 77:
ANNEX B INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE RESEA
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CASE STUDY 1 ANNEX C CASE STUDIES O
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ANNEX C 89 Source: Catalogue ofSucc
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h 92 Lv' ANNEX D EXAMPLES OF MATERI
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100 ANNEX D GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE
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1. W.ASTE AND EMISSION AUDITING ANN
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lOS ANNEX E EXAMPLE OF WASTE AUDIT
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, 1 "j •.. ANNEX E 113 Water Re-u
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116 ANNEX F Woven Fabric Finishing
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120 S; ANNExa are aJso expected to
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Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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