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ANNEX C 89 Source: Catalogue ofSuccess/ul HazardOUS Waste ReduClionl Recycling. Energy Pathways Inc and PoUt/tion Probe Foundation. Prepared/or industrial Programs Branch, Conversion and Protection, Environmem Canada, March /987, page 91. CASE STUDY 7 Cleaner Production al a UK Woollen Textile Mill This large firm employs over I,s00 people and processes a significant pan of the ra w wool imported to the UK from Australia. It is involved in the scouring of raw wool, in spinning, dying of wool and synthetics. Throughput is roughly 100 lonnes of wool and a similar amount of synthetic fibre per 120 hour week. Water consumption runs at: 1,600 m l for dyeing and scouring, 180 m l for raw wool scouring, 220 m J lost as steam. After treatment the effluent is discharged to a municipal sewer for which limits apply of 800 ppm for grease and 1,000 ppm for suspended SOlids. There is also a maximum discharge rate of 113.5 m'/hour and maximum volume of 2,000 mJ/day. The total mass of grease discharged is thus estimated at 1,500 kg/day. Discharge consent costs are also rising significantly as environmental standards tighten. The highest pollution load originates from the scouring of raw wool at a temperature of 45° C with soap and alkali to remove grease and other impurities. Untreated effluent contains 36,000 ppm of grease and 50,000 ppm otber suspended solids. This, together with its alkalinity (pH 9) makes direct discharge illegal. Dye house effluent accounts for 90070 of the process water but is potentially less polluting. It contains COOO ppm grease and 5,000 ppm suspended solids, is highly acidic (pH 4) and bot (100" C). Yarn washing produces a fairly clean effluent containing large amounts of fibre that is difficull to remove. Substantial measures are therefore essential to bring the effluents up to the discharge oonsent conditions. £lm was spent on new scouring systems that use one rather than three bowls, to reduce water consumption and effluent volume by 30%. A heat exchanger costing £30,000 was installed to reduce the temperature of dye house effluent to meet discharge consent conditions and heat incoming water. Grease is also recovered inside the plant by centrifuging to extract pure lanolin. This can be highly profitable in its own right. 90
ANNEX D SAFE HANDLING OF TEXTILE CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZAnONS PROVIDING ADVICE ON HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS UNEP International Register of Potemially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) Palais des Nations, CH 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel:(41) 22 979 9111; Telex: 28877 Geneva; Telefax:(41) 22 797 3460 Provides information on chemicals, waste disposal and discharge regulations, including the current international list of chemicals banned or severely restricted. UNEP/WHO/1LO International Programme for Chemical Safety (lPCS) c/o World Health Organization CH 121l Geneva 27, Switzerland TeJ:(41) 22791 21 II; Telex:27821 OMS; Telefax:(41) 22 791 0746 Contact for toxicological information on chemicals International Labour Organisation OLO) 4 route des Morillons, CH 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland Tel:(41) 22 79961 II; Telex: 22271 B11 CH; Telefax:(41) 22 798 8685 Contact for occupational health and safety information. International Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS) c/o International Labour Office, 4 route des Morillons, CH \211 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: (41) 22 799 6740; Telex: 22 271 BIT CH: Telefax: (41) 22798 8685 Contact for information on hazardous materials and workplace safety. International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) 150 Cours Albert Thomas 69008 Lyon, France Tel: (33) 72 73 84 85; Telefax: (33) 72 73 85 75 Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturers (ETAD) C1araslrasse 4, Basel - PO Box ETAD CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland Tel: (41) 61 681 2230; Telefax: (41) 6\ 691 4278 91
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T FOREWORD extile production is an
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TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOW
Page 8 and 9:
LIST OF TABLES 1 Typical Chemicals
Page 10 and 11:
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS Accelerators:
Page 12:
GLOSSARY Kier: A piece of equipment
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18 SUMMARY Careful handling and use
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20 INTRODUCTION ness. This same awa
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22 OVERVIEW Of TEXTILE WET PROCESSI
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OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING
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• 3.1 SOURCES OF IMPACT I 3 ENVIR
Page 35: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE
Page 38 and 39: 42 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXT
Page 44 and 45: 48 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AN
Page 48: 52 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHN1QUES AN
Page 51: CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND P
Page 55: 5 END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT • 5.1 LIQ
Page 62 and 63: 66 ENO-OF-t,>JPE TREATMENT this pro
Page 64 and 65: 6 POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAM
Page 68 and 69: POLlCY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEW
Page 72 and 73: ANNEX A REFERENCES AND FURTHER READ
Page 74 and 75: ANNEX A 79 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFF
Page 76 and 77: ANNEX B INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE RESEA
Page 78: CASE STUDY 1 ANNEX C CASE STUDIES O
Page 86: h 92 Lv' ANNEX D EXAMPLES OF MATERI
Page 94: 100 ANNEX D GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE
Page 99 and 100: 1. W.ASTE AND EMISSION AUDITING ANN
Page 102: lOS ANNEX E EXAMPLE OF WASTE AUDIT
Page 107 and 108: , 1 "j •.. ANNEX E 113 Water Re-u
Page 109: 116 ANNEX F Woven Fabric Finishing
Page 112: 120 S; ANNExa are aJso expected to
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