Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS 7
LIST OF TABLES 9
LIST OF FIGURES 11
GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 13
SUMMARY 17
1.0 INTRODUCTION 19
I. I Cleaner Production 19
!.2 Pollution Control Strategies 20
1.3 About this Report 20
2.0 OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING OPERATIONS 21
2.1 Wool Scouring 22
2.2 Wool Finishing 22
2.3 Dry Processing 22
2.4 Woven Fabric Finishing 26
2.5 Knit Fabric Finishing 26
2.6 Carpet Manufacture 29
2.7 Stock and Yarn Dyeing and Finishing 29
3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE JNDUSTRY 33
3.1 Sources of Impact 33
3.2 Water Pollution Sources and Characteristics 38
3.3 Air Emissions Sources and Occupational Safety 41
4.0 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND PROCESSES 43
4.1 Water and Energy Conservation 43
4.2 Optimisation of Chemical Usage 48
4.3 Choice and Modification of Processes and Equipment 49
4.3.1 Washing Operations 52
4.3.2 Optimisation of Sizing-Desizing Systems 54
4.3.3 Pad-Batch Dyeing 54
4.3.4 Solvent Processing 55
4.3.5 Transfer Printing 56
4.3.6 Foam Processing Technology 58
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