Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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T FOREWORD extile production is an important contributor to many national economies. Its diverse operations can also have significant impacts on the local environment, and present health and safety risks to its workforce. With adequate care these impacts can however be reduced to acceptable levels. As for all industrial developments it is essential to consider the potential for environmental impacts in the planning phase which might be costly and difficult to mitigate at a later stage. This Technical Report aims to provide guidance on measures to prevent pollution and save raw materials through a cleaner production approach both at the conception stage and for ongoing operations. This document is intended to provide an overview of the many specific elements which contribute to good environmental performance. As such it does not detail any particular matter. For readers who require specific design and operational details. further consultation of the references is recommended. The guide will be useful to readers from several different backgrounds and areas of responsibility, in particular: • Industry personnel will find descriptions of procedures and technologies that minimise environmental impacts as well as policy and management guidelines for ensuring low impact operations. • Government personnel and industry regulators will find indications of the level of environmental performance that can be expected from the industry, together with a description of technical, planning and management tools that foster its achievement. • The general reader will find an overview ofenvuorunentaJ impacts related to the textile industry and recommended strategies for regulating these effects. UNEP IE hopes that this document will assist in environmentally sound decision-making and thus contribute towards further development of a cleaner and sustainable textile industry. As many concrete examples show, good environmental performance is usually associated with economic savings coming from minimal treatment costs and effective use of energy and raw materials. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T he Technical Repan The Textile Industry and the Environment was prepared for UNEP/IE by Dr Prasad Modak, Associate Professor, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Contributions to the text were provided by: Prof Michel Mercier, International Programme on Chemical Safety, WHO/ILO/UNEP Dr Eric Clarke, Executive Director, Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers Mr Darrell Reeve, Principal Consultant, Environment Protection Authority of Victoria, Australia Dr Jao Schnitt-Tegge, Umweltbundesamt, Germany Mr David Pounder, Department of the Environment, UK Dr C Visvanathan, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Genium Publications, Schenectady, New York, USA International Labor Office, Geneva, Switzerland United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria British Leather Confederation, Northampton, UK International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (UNEP IRPTC), Geneva, Switzerland Environmental Impact Management Agency (BADEDAL) Indonesia Hannah Pearce and Helene Guerin carried out final editing and preparation of the manuscript. UNEP/IE staff involved in the production of the Repon were: Mrs Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director Mr Fritz Balkau, Senior Programme Officer Ms Kirsten Oldenburg, Senior Consultant Mr John Kryger, Senior Consultant Mr Masakazu Ichimura, Programme Officer Ms Garrette Clarke, Research Assistant Mr Kawamoto Takeshi, Consultant 5
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 ACKNOW
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF TABLES 1 Typical Chemicals
Page 10 and 11: GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS Accelerators:
Page 12: GLOSSARY Kier: A piece of equipment
Page 15 and 16: 18 SUMMARY Careful handling and use
Page 17 and 18: 20 INTRODUCTION ness. This same awa
Page 19: 22 OVERVIEW Of TEXTILE WET PROCESSI
Page 26: OVERVIEW OF TEXTILE WET PROCESSING
Page 29: • 3.1 SOURCES OF IMPACT I 3 ENVIR
Page 35: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE
Page 38 and 39: 42 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE TEXT
Page 44 and 45: 48 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AN
Page 48: 52 CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHN1QUES AN
Page 51: CLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES AND P
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5 END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT • 5.1 LIQ
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66 ENO-OF-t,>JPE TREATMENT this pro
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6 POLICY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAM
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POLlCY, MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEW
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ANNEX A REFERENCES AND FURTHER READ
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ANNEX A 79 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFF
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ANNEX B INTERNATIONAL TEXTILE RESEA
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CASE STUDY 1 ANNEX C CASE STUDIES O
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ANNEX C 89 Source: Catalogue ofSucc
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h 92 Lv' ANNEX D EXAMPLES OF MATERI
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100 ANNEX D GUIDELINES FOR THE SAFE
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1. W.ASTE AND EMISSION AUDITING ANN
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lOS ANNEX E EXAMPLE OF WASTE AUDIT
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, 1 "j •.. ANNEX E 113 Water Re-u
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116 ANNEX F Woven Fabric Finishing
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120 S; ANNExa are aJso expected to
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Contributor, The Textile Industry and the Environment, UNEP

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