Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal ...

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1080 Reassessment Application October 2006 Appendix C Aulerich, R. J., Ringer, R. K., and Safronoff, J. (1987). Primary and secondary toxicity of warfarin, sodium monofluoroacetate. and methyl parathion in mink. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16, 357-366. Keywords: acute toxicity/secondary poisoning/mammals/non-target species/sodium monofluoroacetate Abstract: The primary and secondary toxicity of warfarin, sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080), and methyl parathion were assessed in the mink, a representative surrogate mammalian wildlife carnivore. In a 28-day test, a LC50 value for mink fed warfarin per se (primary toxicity) was calculated to be 11.7 ppm (mg/kg) with a 95% confidence interval of 9.2 to 15.0 ppm (mg/kg) and a slope of 2.03. Feeding mink warfarin-contaminated rabbit (minus digestive tract contents) incorporated into diets to provide warfarin residue levels equivalent to the warfarin concentrations fed in the LC50 primary toxicity test did not produce secondary toxicity, suggesting that warfarin may be readily bound and/or metabolized into non-, or less toxic metabolites by the primary consumer. Toxic residues of 1080 for mink (as in secondary toxicity) were not produced in rabbits fed a lethal dose of this compound when the gastrointestinal tract contents were removed from the rabbit carcasses. These results suggested that reports of secondary toxicity from 1080 may be primarily due to consumption of the unmetabolized compound from the gut of the prey species. Bachelard, H. (1998). Landmarks in the application of C 13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy to studies of neuronal/glial relationships. Developmental neuroscience 20, 277-288. Keywords: mode of action/NMR/metabolism Backholer, J. R. Reference Information on the toxicity of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080). 1980. Victoria, Vermin and Noxoius Weeds Destruction Board, Department of Crown Lands and Survey. Ref Type: Pamphlet Keywords: sodium monofluoroacetate/monofluoroacetate/1080 Bacq, Z. M., Fischer, P., Herve, A., Liebecq, C., and Liebecq-Hutter, S. (1958). Sodium fluoroacetate as a protecting agent against irradation. Nature 182, 175-176. Keywords: sodium fluoroacetate/fluoroacetate/mode of action Bacq, Z. M. and Liebecq-Hutter, S. (1960). Protection against irradiation afforded by sodium fluoroacetate. Radiation Research 13, 286-297. Keywords: sodium fluoroacetate/fluoroacetate/citric acid/metabolism/liver/rats/citrate/rodents Abstract: Sodium fluoroacetate injected into mice at a dose of 4 to 5 mg/kg, 5 hours before irradiation, reduced the mortality produced by 650 to 675 r of whole-body X-irradiation. The high levels of citric acid in the tissues of the poisoned animals returned to normal within 24 hours if 675 r of X-rays were given 5 hours after 5 mg/kg of sodium fluoroacetate, whereas 48 hours were required in the case on non-irradiated control mice. Thus, X-rays interfered with the metabolism of citric acid in the tissues of the mouse as in the tissues of the rat. The liver of the mouse, however, did not behave like the liver of the rat. In contrast to rats, male mice injected with sodium fluoroacetate accumulated citrate in their livers, whereas females did not; whole-body irradiation reduced the level of accumulated citrate in the liver as it did in tissues of the mouse. The injection of sodium fluoroacetate produced a prolonged hypothermia. It is suggested that the fluoroacetate-induced accumualtion of citrate protects the animals by complexing magnesium ions necessary for DNase activity. Balcomb, R., Bowen, C. A., and Williamson, H. O. (1983). Acute and sublethal effects of 1080 on starlings. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 31, 692-698. Keywords: 1080/sodium monofluoroacetate/birds/reproductive effects/testes/sublethal effects Abstract: Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) is highly toxic to mammals and has been used widely for control of rodents and mammalian predators. In 1972 many uses of 1080 were cancelled, due, in part to mortalities that were reported among non-target animals. Though 1080 baits and dead poisoned animals may be available to birds during avain breeding periods we are unaware of any investigation of long-term exposure in birds or possible effects on avian reproduction. Such studies are of particular interest as testing with rats has shown testicular lesions and atrophy resulting from sublethal 1080 exposure. Our study was undertaken to investigate the short-term acute and long-term sublethal effects of 1080 on European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with emphasis on testicular morphology. Starlings fed 1080 showed 10
1080 Reassessment Application October 2006 Appendix C roughly 14% less testis weight development than controls but the difference was not statistically significant. This result suggests a substantial difference in the sensitivity between birds and mammals as testing with rats at a lower dosage for a shorter period resulted in significant reductions in testes weights and pronounced morphological lesions. Ballard, C. L. and Hyde, P. M (1967). Effect of insulin on blood glucose and corticosteroid levels in sodium fluoroacetate induced diabetes. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 124, 317-320. Keywords: blood/sodium fluoroacetate/fluoroacetate/metabolism Abstract: Sodium fluoroacetate (SFA) has been shown to produce hyperglycemia and ketonemia in the rat. Although this SFA-induced diabetes has been described as being partially insensitive to insulin by Engel et al., a significant insulin effect has been demonstrated. Karam and Grodskey reported that greater than normal amounts of insulin were present in the pancreatic tissue of the SFA-treated animal. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of exogenous insulin in reducing blood glucose levels in control and SFA-induced hyperglycemic rats. In addition, the effects of SFA and insulin on the levels of circulating corticosteroid were determined. The hyperglycemia produced by SFA can be significantly reduced by small amounts of insulin. The very levels of plasma corticosteroid found to occur following treatment with SFA can be transiently increased by the administration of insulin. These high levels are thought to be due to a SFA induced decrease in the hepatic inactivation of the adrenal hormone. Bamford, J. (1970). Evaluating opossum poisoning operations by interference with non-toxic bait. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society 17, 118-125. Keywords: poisoning Abstract: From eight trials made during 1967-69 a technique was developed for estimating the reduction, by poisoning, of opossums (Trichosurus vulpecula) from the extent of interference with non-toxic flourpaste baits. The model assumes that opossums do not, through experience and learning, search for other baits close by. The trial data showed that contagion, an increase in levels of bait interference from night to night and very high acceptance levels were a consequence of baits having been preferentially placed on open ridges and spaced too closely. Manipulation of baits on randomly-located lines showed that if baits were spaced 40 yards apart and lines were at least 200 yards apart there was little evidence of contagion. Procedures are given for using interference levels from poisoned areas and untreated control areas to estimate kills. Banat, I. M., Lindstrom, E. B., Nedwell, D. B., and Balba, M. T. (1981). Evidence for coexistence of two distinct functional groups of sulfate-reducing bacteria in salt marsh sediment. Applied and environmental microbiology 42, 985-992. Keywords: bacteria/acetate/fluoroacetate/metabolism/inhibition/toxicity Abstract: Oxidation of acetate in salt marsh sediment was inhibited by the addition of fluoroacetate, and also by the addition of molybdate, an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Molybdate had no effect upon the metabolism of acetate in a freshwater sediment in the absence of sulfate. The inhibitory effect of molybdate on acetate turnover in the marine sediment was attributed to inhibition of sulfate-reducing bacteria which oxidized acetate to carbon dioxide. Sulfide was not recovered from sediment in the presence of molybdate, but sulfide was recovered quantitatively even in the presence of molybdate by the addition of the strong reducing agent titanium chloride before acidification of the sediment. Reduction of sulfate to sulfide by the sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment was only partially inhibited by fluoroacetate, but was completely inhibited by molybdate addition. This was interpreted as showing the presence of two functional groups of sulfate-reducing bacteria - one group oxidizing acetate, and another group probably oxidizing hydrogen Barasa, A., Godina, G., Buffa, P., and Pasquali-Rochetti, I. (1973). Biochemical lesions of respiratory enzymes and configurational changes of mitochondria in vivo. I. The effect of fluoroacetate: a study by phase-contrast microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. Zeitschrift fuer Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 138, 187-210. Keywords: mode of action/pathology/biochemistry/heart/fluoroacetate/inhibition 11
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Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal ...

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