Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal ...

1080 Reassessment Application October 2006
Appendix C
Chi, C.-H., Chen, K.-W., Chan, S.-H., Wu, M.-H., and Huang, J.-J. (1996). Clinical presentation and
prognostic factors in sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication. Journal of toxicology : clinical toxicology
34, 707-712.
Keywords: diagnosis/treatment/acute toxicity/humans/sodium
monofluoroacetate/monofluoroacetate/poisoning/analysis/serum
Abstract: Background: The diagnosis of sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication in humans is usually based
on a history of ingestion and clinical findings. Although several previous reports have described the clinical
course and outcome of patients who ingested this drug, prognostic indicators of short-term survival are not
available. Methods: A retrospective study of 38 consecutive cases of sodium monofluoroacetate poisoning
at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 1988-1993, to analyze the clinical findings and to predict
mortality. Results: Seven of 38 patients (18%) died. The most common symptom was nausea or vomiting
(74%). The most frequent ECG finding was nonspecific ST-T and T wave abnormalities (72%).
Hypocalcemia (42%) and hypokalemia (65%) were the common electrolyte abnormalities. The clinical and
laboratory characteristics were compared for the survival and mortality groups. Significant differences in
hypotension, respiratory rate, pulse rate, creatinine, potassium, elevated alanine aminotransferase, pH,
PCO2, APACHE II score, and subjective respiratory distress were noted. Discriminant analysis identified
hypotension, increased serum creatinine, and decreased pH as the most important predictors of mortality,
with sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 96%. Conclusions: Hypotension and the early onset of metabolic
acidosis and increased serum creatinine are associated with poor short-term survival. These prognostic
variables can be useful in the care of patients with suspected sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication. It is
suggested that all such patients should be observed intensively for at least 48 h.
Chi, C.-H., Lin, T.-K., and Chen, K.-W. (1999). Hemodynamic abnormalities in sodium monofluoroacetate
intoxication. Human and experimental toxicology 18, 351-353.
Keywords: diagnosis/treatment/mode of action/acute toxicity/humans/sodium
monofluoroacetate/monofluoroacetate/resistance/cardiac
Abstract: Hypotension is one of the most important predictors of mortality in sodium monofluoroacetate
(SMFA) intoxication. This paper reports the hemodynamic response in one fatal and another survival case
of SMFA intoxication. Despite correction of hypovolemia and with inotropic support, the patients remained
in shock. Hemodynamic observations have provided evidence that shock after SMFA intoxication is due to
diminished systemic vascular resistance and increased cardiac output. This is the first report in which such
an invasive hemodynamic investigation has been recorded in a clinical case of SMFA intoxication.
Chidthiasong, A. and Conrad, R. (2000). Specificity of chloroform, 2-bromoethanesulfonate and
fluoroacetate to inhibit methanogenesis and other anaerobic processes in anoxic rice field soil. Soil biology
and biochemistry 32, 977-988.
Keywords: fluoroacetate/soil/acetate/bacteria/degradation
Abstract: Chloroform (CHCl3), 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) and fluoroacetate have frequently been used
as methanogenic inhibitors in rice field soil and in other environments, but their effects on other microbial
processes have not received sufficient attention. Therefore, we comparatively determined the effects of
CHCl3, BES and fluoroacetate on different microbial processes in rice field soil slurry upon incubation
under anoxic conditions: on the reduction of the electron acceptors nitrate, ferric iron, sulfate; on the
production of CH4 and CO2; on the temporal change of the electron donors H2, acetate and propionate; and
on the turnover of [2- 14 C]acetate during the early reduction phase (day 7), and during the later
methanogenic phase (day 30). The results demonstrate: (1) fluoroacetate inhibited acetate consumption by
all microorganisms, (2) BES generally inhibited CH4 production, and (3) CHCl3 not only inhibited
methanogenesis, but partially also acetate-dependent sulfate reduction, and perhaps H2-dependent
homoacetogenesis. The specificity of the different inhibitors resulted in characteristic patterns of the
temporal change of electron donors and acceptors and of CH4. The pattern of propionate change was
consistent with production by fermenting bacteria and consumption by sulfate reducers either using sulfate
or methanogens as electron acceptor. Sulfate reducers were also found to be important for acetate
consumption during the early phase of soil anoxia. Later on, however, methanogenic acetate consumption
was much more pronounced. The application of inhibitors with different specificity was helpful for
elucidating the flow of carbon and electrons during degradation of organic matter in anoxic rice field soil.
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