Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal ...

1080 Reassessment Application October 2006
Appendix C
Cappenberg, T. E. and Prins, R. A. (1974). Interrelations between sulfate-reducing and methane-producing
bacteria in bottom deposits of a fresh-water lake. III. experiments with 14 -C labelled substrates. Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 40, 457-469.
Keywords: bacteria/fluoroacetate/inhibition/toxicity
Abstract: An ecological substrate relationship between sulfate-reducing and methane-producing bacteria in
14-C labeled acetate and lactate as substrates. Fluoroacetate strongly
mud of Lake Vechten has been studied in experiments using
inhibited the formation of 14CO2 from [U-14C]-acetate and β-fluorolactate gave an inhibition of similar magnitude of the breakdown of [U-14C]-L-lactate to 14CO2
thus confirming earlier results on the specific action of these inhibitors.
Carrell, H. L., Glusker, J. P., Villafranca, J. J., Mildvan, A. S., Dummel, R. J., and Kun, E. (1970).
Fluorocitrate inhibition of aconitase : relative configuration of inhibitory isomer by X-ray crystallography.
Science 170, 1412-1414.
Keywords: product chemistry/mode of action
Abstract: The fluorocitrate isomer that is a strong inhibitor and inactivator of aconitase has been shown by
x-ray crystallographic studies on the rubidium ammonium salt to have the configurations (1R:2R) or
(1S:2S) 1-fluoro-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. A possible mechanism for the action of
fluorocitrate is proposed which involves the 1R:2R isomer suggested from biochemical data.
Casper, H. H., McMahon, T. L., and Paulson, G. D. (1984). Sodium fluoroacetate levels in canine tissues.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians
26 (1983 Meeting), 155-160.
Keywords: acute toxicity/non-target species/persistence in animals/sodium
fluoroacetate/fluoroacetate/1080/poisoning/dogs/liver/kidney/secondary poisoning/analysis
Abstract: Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) poisoning in dogs is a continuing problem. A recently developed
assay for 1080 in tissue was applied to tissues from field cases of suspected 1080 toxicosis in dogs. The
assay utilizes C14-1080 internal standards and capillary gas chromatography / mass spectrometry to give
clear identification of 1080 levels down to 10 ppb tissue equivalent. The 1080 levels in tissues from field
cases of 1080 toxicosis ranged from 45 to 5451 ppb for liver (n=11) and 55 to 297 ppb for kidney (n=5).
There were no clear differences in liver 1080 levels for primary poisoning cases vs levels in suspected
secondary poisoning cases. For routine diagnostic use a 1080 analysis must be reliable at the 20 ppb tissue
level.
Casper, H. H., McMahon, T. L., and Paulson, G. D. (1985). Capillary gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometric determination of fluoroacetate residues in animal tissues. Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists 68, 722-725.
Keywords: fluoroacetate/acetate/analysis
Abstract: A method for the quantitative determination of fluoroacetate (FAC) (a rodenticide) residues in
animal tissues is described. The procedure involves tungstic acid extraction, partitioning into ethyl acetate,
evaporation of ethyl acetate, derivation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB), and analysis of the resulting
derivative (PFB-FAC) by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CGC-MS) with specific ion
monitoring (SIM). The tungstic acid system extracted 96.8 +- 4.2% of the endogenous 14C-1080 residues
in rat tissues. Recovery of FAC during the extraction, purification, and derivatization procedures is
established by use of a 14C-FAC spike. 1,2-Dibromobenzene is used as an internal standard for the CGC-
MS analysis. PFB-FAC is identified on the basis of comparative retention times and the relative intensities
of m/z 257.9 and 181.0. PFB-FAC is quantitated by comparing the response at m/z 257.9 to a PFB-FAC
standard curve. Routine sensitivity of the method allows determination of 10 ppb fluoroacetate in tissue
Casper, H. H., Mount, M. E., Marsh, R. E., and Schmidt, R. H. (1986). Fluoroacetate residues in ground
squirrel and coyote tissues due to primary or secondary 1080 poisoning. Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists 69, 441-442.
Keywords: acute toxicity/secondary poisoning/mammals/persistence in animals/1080
Abstract: Fluoroacetate residues in various tissues of 1080 poisoned ground squirrels and coyotes are listed.
The tissues (excluding the stomach) of squirrels poisoned with an average of 0.8mg 1080/kg (low dose)
contained from 182 to 1309 ppb Fluoroacetate. In squirrels poisoned with an average of 4.8 mg 1080/kg
(high dose), the tissue residues ranged from 535 to 9754 ppb Fluoroacetate. Tissues from coyotes which
died after consuming 1080 poisoned ground squirrels were also analyzed for fluoroacetate residues.
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