Source: Landcare Research (1964). Control of poisons. Royal ...

1080 Reassessment Application October 2006
Appendix C
improved GLC method using pentafluorobenzyl derivatisation and electroncapture detection was proposed
recently (Okuno and Meeker 1980) but the presence of interfering peaks and low, variable recovering were
a problem.
The preparation of fluorescent derivatives of monocarboxylic acids using
4bromomethyl7methoxycoumarin (BrMmc) and their separation by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) has recently been reported (Lam and Grushka 1978). We have adapted this
method to the analysis of sodium fluoroacetate. A simple but efficient method for recovering this
compound from baits is also described.
Colvin, B. A., Hegdal, P. L., and Jackson, W. B. (1988). Review of non-target hazards associated with
rodenticide use in the USA. Bulletin OEPP 18, 301-308.
Keywords: non-target species/birds/mammals/secondary poisoning/USA/predators/raptors
Connolly, G. and Burns, R. J. (1990). Efficacy of compound 1080 livestock protection collars for killing
coyotes that attack sheep. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference 14, 269-276.
Keywords: ground control/efficacy/1080/livestock/livestock protection collar/USA/predators
Connolly, G. (1993). Livestock protection collars in the United States, 1988-1993. In 'Eleventh Great Plains
Wildlife Damage Control Workshop proceedings, April 26-29, 1993, Kansas City, Missouri'. pp. 25-33.
(U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort
Collins.)
Keywords: ground control/target species/livestock/livestock protection collar/predators/USA/field efficacy
Connolly, G. Development and use of compound 1080 in coyote control, 1944-1972. Proceedings of the
21st Vertebrate Pest Conference, Visalia, California, March 2004, X. 2004.
Ref Type: Conference Proceeding
Keywords: 1080/fluoroacetate/toxicity/sodium
fluoroacetate/rodents/rodent/baits/livestock/fish/wildlife/humans/occurrence in nature
Abstract: Compound 1080 ® is a man-made sodium salt of fluoroacetic acid or fluoroacetate, which occurs
in nature as the toxin in many species of poisonous plants. The toxicity of such plants had long been
recognized, but the toxic agent was not identified as fluoroacetate until 1944. By that time, the pesticidal
potential of synthesized sodium fluoroacetate (code number 1080-44) was being explored in the United
States in a war time, crash program aimed at finding new rodenticides. Compound 1080, the main product
of that program, proved to be the best rodenticide known up to that time. It was found to be even more
toxic to canids than to rodents, so was used experimentally for coyote control beginning in November 1944.
Compound 1080 was authorized for operational use in governmental predator control in 1946. Large meat
baits, or bait stations, injected with 1080 solution and placed on livestock ranges in winter quickly became
a preferred method for reducing coyote populations that preyed on sheep and cattle. The use of 1080 bait
stations peaked in Fiscal Year (FY) 1963, when over 16,000 stations were placed by the U. S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) Predator and Rodent Control (PARC) program. After 1963, numbers of 1080
stations declined year by year to 1972 when the use of 1080 and other predacides on Federal lands and in
Federal programs was stopped by President Nixon's Executive Order 11643, followed by Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) suspension and cancellation of registrations for 1080 and other predacides. The
1080 cancellation was based partly on high potential hazard to humans, even though no human had ever
been killed or seriously injured in connection with the use of this toxicant in coyote control.
Paradoxically, most of the political agitation over Compound 1080 focused its use in predator control even
though much greater amounts were used for rodent control. The total amount of 1080 sold in the U. S.
during 1968-72, the last five years in which 1080 bait stations were used, was approximately 10,003 lb.
Only 1.3 percent (129 lb) of that amount was used for predator control. The largest amount of 1080 used
for coyote control in the United States in any one year was about 42.4 lb, in FY 1963.
Cook, C. J. (1998). Serotonergic and cholecystokinin antagonists change patterns of response in rats (Rattus
norvegicus) to oral sodium monofluoroacetate. New Zealand veterinary journal 46, 76-78.
Keywords: mode of action/welfare/rats/sodium monofluoroacetate
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