ScienceMakers Toolkit Manual - The History Makers

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Chemistry reluctant to say anything and so as I said, we did eat there and found out the next day that this was an accomplishment. This is Ohio, this is North, and this is segregated. Clip 3 - Begins Work with NACA/NASA: I started at…employed at NACA, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the way I got that job…is kinda interesting. When I was here in Cleveland interviewing for the job at Industrial Rayon at which they said they wanted a, you know, a mechanical engineering background. While I was in town, I called a friend of mine who had graduated a year or so before I did from Ohio State and he was working in Cleveland at NACA and so I just called and said hello, I was in town and told him why, and he said, “Oh why don’t you come out here, we’re looking for people.” So I did. I applied for a position there and got it and started in August of 1954, and again, this is a civilian agency of the government, the predecessor actually of NASA, but it was NACA the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. I was at Clark from 1953 to 1954, and then I started in 1954 at NACA as a research chemist. Clip 4 - Jet Fuel Research: My work primarily was as a chemist. Yes, and initially it involved fuels for jet aircraft. As in all vehicle studies, you’re always interested in getting better performance, more effi ciency, all kinds of improvements in any mode of transportation. So, we were looking for fuels for jet aircraft that were better than the ones that were presently being used…in some cases. In one case, they were looking at different kinds of fuel, very quickly and very simply, instead of carbon and hydrogen, which is the makeup of the hydrocarbon fuels that were used in cars and aircraft and whatever. We started looking at some boron hydrogen compounds because it seemed that they might give us more effi ciency, more bang for the buck in some cases. It turns out that yes, they were better in some ways, but in other ways they were not. There were too much deposits left, so that program was looked at and then dropped. The Navy was particularly interested in those fuels, so we looked at different kinds of fuels for jet aircraft other than the carbon and hydrogen fuels and then, as I said, that program was dropped because it wasn’t any better. Clip 5 - Oil Alternatives Research: And then in another program, we started looking for alternate sources of fuels. By that I mean fuels come out of the ground now, petroleum reserves. Dig an oil well. You get the oil out of it. You process it. A certain part of it goes for gasoline for cars. A certain part goes for fuels for aircraft. And a certain part goes for some other uses. Well, we had a crisis, impending crisis: that we were going to run out of petroleum fuels. What can we use? Well, one of the answers was we can use coal and oil shale. The United States has a lot of coal. It also has a lot of shale oil reserves and can we get decent aircraft fuels from these sources. Well, okay, let’s get some of this out and we’ll test it. As a chemist, we would analyze it. Tell the engineers how similar or how different it is from the fuels that they were using. And so, there was a program that was developed to look at fuels from alternate sources. Well, that went on for a few years until they found that, oh, we’re really not as short on oil as we thought. We got enough to last for x number of years and the crisis that started off and then [oil prices] started come back down, and so that program went by the boards also because we don’t need these fuels from alternate sources. Some of my work was involved with energy research…specifi cally looking at batteries and fuel cells, which are sources of electricity. And the Navy was interested in the programs that we had. Well, NASA was interested also, but NASA didn’t have money to support the programs. So, we were getting our support from the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. So, my work was more for sources…for terrestrial uses and also underwater and…in some instances, because the Navy had some underwater aircraft that they wanted to develop some of these sources of energy for, and not really related to outer space. And in telling…different people they ask about that and they said, “Well, wait a minute, you’re out at the space agency and…” Yes, but we do a lot of work that’s not directly related to space and we were asked to do this and we respond. And it just happens that most of my work has really not been directed to any projects in outer space. 10
ScienceMakers Spotlight: Ralph Gardner-Chavis Full Name: Ralph Alexander Gardner-Chavis Born: December 3, 1922 Place: Cleveland, OH Parents: Vivian Hicks Gardner Clarence Chavous Gardner Spouse: Frances Bailey Education: John Adams High School - Cleveland, OH (1939) University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, IL (B.S. Chemistry, 1943) Case Western Reserve University - Cleveland, OH (M.S. Chemistry, 1952) Case Western Reserve University - Cleveland, OH (Ph.D. Chemistry, 1959) Type of Science: Chemistry Achievements: Research assistant on the Manhattan Project Worked on catalysis and molecular technology Favorites: Color: Blue Food: Lobster Time of Year: Summer Vacation Spot: San Fransico Biography Scientist and educator Ralph Alexander Gardner-Chavis was born December 3, 1922, in Cleveland, Ohio, to Vivian Hicks Gardner, a teacher and housewife, and Clarence Chavous Gardner, a musician and government worker. Known throughout most of his life as Ralph Alexander Gardner, Gardner-Chavis added the Chavis surname late in his career in recognition of his relationship to John Chavis, the fi rst African American to graduate from Princeton in 1760. Gardner-Chavis attended the Cleveland Public Schools, graduating from John Adams High School; he earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1943. Gardner-Chavis completed his graduate studies at Case Western Reserve in Cleveland, Ohio, earning both a Master’s degree and Ph.D. in chemistry in 1952 and 1959 respectively. 11
Page 1 and 2: ScienceMakers DVD Toolkit Table of
Page 3 and 4: Index of Experiments by Scientific
Page 5 and 6: convenience. The DVD itself contain
Page 7 and 8: After his time in the Army ended, A
Page 9: After you’ve had a successful lau
Page 13 and 14: 10. Dr. Gardner-Chavis talks about
Page 15 and 16: Ralph Gardner-Chavis - Video Clip T
Page 17 and 18: getting on and off per second. So t
Page 19 and 20: Washington, D.C., in 1964. Lester d
Page 21 and 22: 15. Dr. Lester talks about close-co
Page 23 and 24: William Lester, Jr. - Video Clip Tr
Page 25 and 26: same kinds of equations arise also
Page 27 and 28: Massie attended Iowa State Universi
Page 29 and 30: Experiment - Floating Soap Bubbles
Page 31 and 32: ScienceMakers Spotlight: Isiah M. W
Page 33 and 34: Science: 8. What do you think a che
Page 35 and 36: Clip 3 - Infl uential Teachers: I g
Page 37 and 38: ScienceMakers Spotlight: Bobby L. W
Page 39 and 40: 8. What did Dr. Wilson plan to stud
Page 41 and 42: So I had been turned off by sicknes
Page 43 and 44: Center, an organization designed to
Page 45 and 46: What do I do? 1. Fill the pan with
Page 47 and 48: Clip 5 - The U.S. Geological Survey
Page 49 and 50: ScienceMakers Spotlight: Warren M.
Page 51 and 52: 7. Dr. Washington talks about a fav
Page 53 and 54: same way when you blow into the Win
Page 55 and 56: ScienceMakers Spotlight: Joanne Ber
Page 57 and 58: 12. Dr. Berger-Sweeney tries to dis
Page 59 and 60: ScienceMakers Spotlight: Wayne Bowe
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Additional Resources There is an ex
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: James Bowm
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10. Dr. Bowman joined the faculty o
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11. Label your chromosomes with the
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8. Fertilize the egg and sperm by c
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so we thought we could make it. So
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Cooper’s research on invertebrate
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Analysis 1. Did the solution(s) aff
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Counter also had a very active care
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Experiment - Mapping the Homonculus
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Concept Application In the applicat
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Clip 5 - Using MRI for Research: I
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Shelia Gri
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10. Why is it important to perform
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Small Intestine - Remove the small
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Clip 4 - Importance of Work: Well,
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Computational Biology and the Devel
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Experiment - Can You Feel The Diffe
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in the Graduate School of Arts and
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Shawna Nes
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10. Dr. Nesbitt conducted a LIFE st
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Roderic Pe
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10. Dr. Pettigrew specializes in no
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Cecil Pick
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10. Dr. Pickett continued his resea
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a. Add 1 drop of sodium hydroxide t
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Taylor was appointed bacteriology i
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• Glo Germ lotion • Black light
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- Why didn’t some of you get sick
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ut I said, I’ll get a company car
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while at Illinois Institute of Tech
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Antibodies - compounds produced by
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Luther S.
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7. Dr. Williams has worked with the
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3. “Edible Cell” Activity Now t
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Alfred Bro
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6. Dr. Brothers talks about educati
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concepts as you present them.” He
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: John D. Te
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6. Dr. Terry has unusual stories ab
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Rest the ends of the coil in the cr
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group that came into NASA at that t
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Clayton Ba
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8. Dr. Bates and Dr. Walter Massey
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I’ve never been set back by failu
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where he would stay for the next tw
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Use a small piece of tape to make a
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Clip 4 - Going to Bell Labs: Basica
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physical science class; he graduate
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greater than the can is able to wit
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Julian Ear
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Science: 8. What do you think a phy
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the ground at 10mph while the tenni
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Clip 4 - Getting Youth Interested:
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Gladney, teaching and conducting re
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171 Physics
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courage I had and I went back to hi
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Clip 8 - How I Want to be Remembere
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Jackson attended Roosevelt High Sch
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General Rules Each player gets to c
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campus because of having few social
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In 1993, Massey was appointed Provo
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Learning Objectives • Experiment
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Walter Massey - Video Clip Transcri
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Ronald E.
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Science: 12. What do you think a ph
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Now to go beyond the natural freque
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split that atom. You chop it. Do yo
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Graduating from Arsenal High School
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Instructions: Rockets can liftoff f
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Carl Spight - Video Clip Transcript
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ScienceMakers Spotlight: Herman Whi
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9. Dr. White would like people to t
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In science, we usually measure usin
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physics. They would talk particular
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The HistoryMakers ® ScienceMakers
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How we choose the winner: The video
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The HistoryMakers ® ScienceMakers
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Getting the Word Out Publicizing an
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219 Oral History Guidelines
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National Science Content Standards
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• Each kind of atom or molecule c
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D. Earth and Space Science - Earth
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H.F.6 Science and technology in loc
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ScienceMakers Toolkit Manual - The History Makers

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