On the Future of Indigenous Traditions - Munin

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independent national’s developments have brought in a new change in presenting the Adivasis and their reality. This new perception of themselves (Adivasis) in the administration in the hands of Indian elite brings in a newer change for the Adivasis. 3.3. The state’s political notion and Adivasi developments after India’s independence The independent India, now free from the colonial rule, was to be governed by the new Constitution, led by the elected representative from the country who had to choose a model of development for this new nation. The question for the National Planning Committee (NPC) set up by the Congress Party then was that, from among the two perspectives and approaches of development models, which one would formulate a plan for India’s development, mainly the industrialization aiming for the nation’s ‘economic regeneration’. Gandhi’s plan had a strong emphasis on smallscale, cottage industries to be the primary units of larger industry but was received with suspicion and criticism in NPC. Nehru, the NPC’s chairman, and the Prime Minister of the independent India had long believed that the large-scale industrialization alone could solve India’s problems of poverty and unemployment. Apart from Nehru’s own beliefs, the NPC’s reports on different spheres of development reflected the vision of a powerful and growing class of industrialists, their supporters in politics and intellectuals with high qualifications in different areas, including science and technology 94 . The national policies regarding Adivasi or ‘tribal developments’ that came in the fifth decade after the independence started with that of Bhoodan (donate land) Movement in 1951, followed by Community Development Programme in 1952, village housing scheme in 1957, etc. These were followed by Agricultural District Programmes in the following decade in 1960 and the Tribal Areas Development Programme in 1962. By the year 2000 one could see that there were over 35 different programs implemented in the ‘Scheduled Areas’ and ‘Tribal Areas’. 95 However, the approach in the implementation of these programs for the Adivasis in these areas was supposed to be 94 Krishna Kumar, “Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948)” Prospects, Vol. 23, 3/4, (1993), 507–517. 95 V.S. Upadhyay and Gaya Pandey, Tribal Development in India (A Critical Appraisal) op. cit., 193. 64
specified, as the socio-cultural orientation was not the same as it was of the other communities here. Therefore, it was the Panchsheel – the five principles formulated by Verrier Elvin 96 and enunciated as a policy document by Nehru that seemed to be the most ideal principles, when it came to implementing these developmental programs for the Adivasi and tribal peoples, actually it was accepted that the Adivasis should: a) develop along the lines of their own genius and nothing should be imposed upon them, b) that their rights in the forest and land should be respected, c) that the role of outsiders in their development should be limited to building their own capacity for governance, d) that the Adivasi areas should not be over-governed and loaded with a multiplicity of schemes and that indigenous institutions of Adivasis should be tasked with self-governance, and finally e) that the results of these efforts should be judged not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved. However, the Panchsheel, is said to have been ‘forgotten, even before the ink it was written with had dried’. What was different for the Adivasis in the independent India? One can see that, as already referred in the first chapter, their status now had changed from Adivasis and Aboriginals to ‘Anusuchit Jana-Jati’ and ‘Scheduled Tribes’. The new Constitution thus has made some provisions for these ‘Scheduled Tribes’ to be put up in four broad headings. 1. Protective provisions 2. Developmental provisions 3. Administrative provisions 4. Reservational provisions There are several sets of articles in the constitution, specifying the said provisions applicable to the Scheduled Tribes, including some other scheduled categories as the case may be. It may not be necessary to go into the details of each of the above provisions, but the only one that deals with administrative provisions would be important for us to critically look into, when it comes to policies both at the central as well as state level administrative provisions. 96 Verrier Elvin: An English anthropologist who is well known for his remarkable works on Tribal people in India. 65
Page 3 and 4:
Acknowledgements I dedicate this wo
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents On the Future of
Page 7 and 8:
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION...........
Page 9 and 10:
Map of India and Jharkhand Capital:
Page 11 and 12:
Statement of the problem: The socia
Page 13 and 14: important aspect of these communiti
Page 15 and 16: Limitations and scope: The Adivasis
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER ONE: Background of the them
Page 19 and 20: pointed out at the lack of definiti
Page 21 and 22: “which specify the tribes of trib
Page 23 and 24: ules that maintain a balance betwee
Page 25 and 26: 1.2.4. - Political Jharkhand is a p
Page 27 and 28: are associated with. Roy further ad
Page 29 and 30: - but fought in vain - to steam the
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 The customary system / laws How
Page 33 and 34: generation to another. Customs coul
Page 35 and 36: khuntkatti dars - the decedents of
Page 37 and 38: The social organization for their a
Page 39 and 40: Among the Mundas these posts have b
Page 41 and 42: The sense of independence among the
Page 43 and 44: - That the practice of Adivasis cus
Page 45 and 46: sufficient occupation any more. Los
Page 47 and 48: Nevertheless, there were three reas
Page 49 and 50: the ‘modern temples of the nation
Page 51 and 52: the pilot projects of Peraj East Op
Page 53 and 54: Bank machines are lying unused. So
Page 55 and 56: 2.8 Which direction is the ‘devel
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER THREE: Adivasi Politics 3.1
Page 59 and 60: “Originally, a tribe normally com
Page 61 and 62: system of the Adivasis that: “The
Page 63: policy of non-disturbing of the Adi
Page 67 and 68: 3.4. Rules & laws specific to Jhark
Page 69 and 70: in Jharkhand. They argue that reser
Page 71 and 72: 3.5. The “Tribe” /Adivasi ident
Page 73 and 74: In the political nation here, the r
Page 75 and 76: The policy of “‘tribals’ to d
Page 77 and 78: Jharkhand region and secondly, the
Page 79 and 80: The third point mentioned earlier i
Page 81 and 82: forward for discussion on the issue
Page 83 and 84: survived through different periods
Page 85 and 86: language called to be ‘the langua
Page 87 and 88: teen Manki court. That does not lim
Page 89 and 90: The positive side of it is that peo
Page 91 and 92: Munda (a post within the customary
Page 93 and 94: saying she was illegally building h
Page 95 and 96: the state mechanism and its process
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 5.1. Basic
Page 99 and 100: do we look at it to find the distin
Page 101 and 102: “…most important argument for m
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.1. Adivasi customary system in
Page 105 and 106: traditional customary system prove
Page 107 and 108: Bibliography / References: Books Ar
Page 109 and 110: Articles, Published and Unpublished
Page 111 and 112: Appendixes: International Definitio
Page 113: Maps 2 and 3 Photos sources: Cover
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