On the Future of Indigenous Traditions - Munin

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tribal policy of the colonial and post colonial Indian state [see it] in the dynamics of the colonial nationalist discourse.” 109 In his same study of Jharkhand’s ‘Politics of Development and Identity’ Prakash highlights the issues between the ethnic identity (/ies) in the face of the national identity. Here can we place the “tribe” as an ethnic group and the “caste” – as a wider understanding, of national identity, since the Indian nation-state is largely a composition of caste based societies where the “tribe” is a negligible minority [– emphasis mine]. Prakash, making references to Nevitte and Kennedy (1986), Smith (1981), and again Smith (1986), and Barth (1969) and presents that the two identities (ethnic and national or sub-national) can also be differentiated in terms of demands they make on political processes. Largely, national identities (in the case of Jharkhand the sub-national identity) might be included to seek statehood, where as ethnic identities might seek autonomy and adequate representation within the existing State. 110 (‘State’ with an upper case here is in reference to political concept of a State, and ‘state’ with a lower case is for a state within the India, i.e. a province.) Further, Prakash based on Brass’s conception, says that: “An ethnic identity is therefore ‘a subjectively self conscious community that establishes criteria for inclusion and exclusion from the group. This inclusion or exclusion from the group hence, involves explicit or tacit adoption of rules of endogamy or exogamy as well as a claim to status and recognition, either as a group at least equal to other groups.’ Thus, ethnicity emerges as ‘an alternate form of social organisation’ but is a contingent and mutable status that may or may not be articulated in a particular context or time. Further on, ethnic groups may tend to seek a major say in the political system in order to protect, preserve and promote their interests. This may lead to an ethnic group aspiring for a national status and/or political recognition, either within an existing State or as a new State.” 111 109 Amit Prakash, Jharkhand Politics of Development and Identity (New Delhi: Oriental Longman, 2001), xiii. 110 Amit Prakash, Jharkhand Politics of Development and Identity (New Delhi: Oriental Longman, 2001), 2-4. 111 Paul R Brass, 1991. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison. New Delhi: Saga Publication, 1991), 14 cited by Amit Prakash, Jharkhand Politics of Development and Identity, op. cit., 6-7. 72
In the political nation here, the relation of an ethnic group or groups (formed of “tribes”) to the national identity (formed of the caste society mainly) would give a sense of ethnic belonging to Adivasis. Contrastingly the sense of national identity (as equal Indian citizens) can only come when the ethnic group has the freedom of some level of self governance, i.e. the structural position of the modern India State vis-à-vis the Adivasi, parallel to the position of the English government vis-à-vis the Indian sub-continent during the colonial times. Within this frame if we look at Brass conception as referred by Prakash, this ethnic identity formation is a result of three sets of struggles between the state and the society. 112 1. The struggle within the ethnic group itself, for control over its own symbolic and material sources, which in turn involves defining the group’s boundaries and its rules of exclusion and inclusion. (In the case of Jharkhand struggle between “caste” and “tribe” both being put in to one national identity- Indian). 2. The struggles between ethnic groups competing with one another for rights, privileges and available resources. And, (again in the same as the case of Jharkhand struggle between “caste” and “tribe” both being put in to one national identity- Indian) 3. The struggle between the state (– province’s authority) and the groups that dominate it (the non-Adivasis), on the other hand, and the population that inhabits its territory (Adivasis), on the other. 113 (i.e. the “caste” group that controls the state mechanism while the “tribe” that inhabits its territory) Each of these sets of situation can be used both in the nation and state relation as well as within the state. Each of these sets can also be seen separately to analyze the role of the State vis-à-vis a selected ethnic groups or groups. At the same time these three sets can never-the-less, intersect each other. 112 Ibid., 8-9. 113 Paul R. Brass, Ethnic Group and the State (Australia: Croom Helm Ltd., 1985), 1. 73
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Acknowledgements I dedicate this wo
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Table of Contents On the Future of
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION...........
Page 9 and 10:
Map of India and Jharkhand Capital:
Page 11 and 12:
Statement of the problem: The socia
Page 13 and 14:
important aspect of these communiti
Page 15 and 16:
Limitations and scope: The Adivasis
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER ONE: Background of the them
Page 19 and 20:
pointed out at the lack of definiti
Page 21 and 22: “which specify the tribes of trib
Page 23 and 24: ules that maintain a balance betwee
Page 25 and 26: 1.2.4. - Political Jharkhand is a p
Page 27 and 28: are associated with. Roy further ad
Page 29 and 30: - but fought in vain - to steam the
Page 31 and 32: 2.2 The customary system / laws How
Page 33 and 34: generation to another. Customs coul
Page 35 and 36: khuntkatti dars - the decedents of
Page 37 and 38: The social organization for their a
Page 39 and 40: Among the Mundas these posts have b
Page 41 and 42: The sense of independence among the
Page 43 and 44: - That the practice of Adivasis cus
Page 45 and 46: sufficient occupation any more. Los
Page 47 and 48: Nevertheless, there were three reas
Page 49 and 50: the ‘modern temples of the nation
Page 51 and 52: the pilot projects of Peraj East Op
Page 53 and 54: Bank machines are lying unused. So
Page 55 and 56: 2.8 Which direction is the ‘devel
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER THREE: Adivasi Politics 3.1
Page 59 and 60: “Originally, a tribe normally com
Page 61 and 62: system of the Adivasis that: “The
Page 63 and 64: policy of non-disturbing of the Adi
Page 65 and 66: specified, as the socio-cultural or
Page 67 and 68: 3.4. Rules & laws specific to Jhark
Page 69 and 70: in Jharkhand. They argue that reser
Page 71: 3.5. The “Tribe” /Adivasi ident
Page 75 and 76: The policy of “‘tribals’ to d
Page 77 and 78: Jharkhand region and secondly, the
Page 79 and 80: The third point mentioned earlier i
Page 81 and 82: forward for discussion on the issue
Page 83 and 84: survived through different periods
Page 85 and 86: language called to be ‘the langua
Page 87 and 88: teen Manki court. That does not lim
Page 89 and 90: The positive side of it is that peo
Page 91 and 92: Munda (a post within the customary
Page 93 and 94: saying she was illegally building h
Page 95 and 96: the state mechanism and its process
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION 5.1. Basic
Page 99 and 100: do we look at it to find the distin
Page 101 and 102: “…most important argument for m
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.1. Adivasi customary system in
Page 105 and 106: traditional customary system prove
Page 107 and 108: Bibliography / References: Books Ar
Page 109 and 110: Articles, Published and Unpublished
Page 111 and 112: Appendixes: International Definitio
Page 113: Maps 2 and 3 Photos sources: Cover
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