A Current Bibliography on African Affairs - Baywood Publishing

354 / A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS
which influenced early researchers, the evolution of veterinary, entomological, and
ecological sciences as “tools” for understanding and suppressing disease, as well as the
difficulties involved in reconciling game conservation with colonial settlement.
1158. Clementson, C. L., and A. C. Hansen. PILOT STUDY OF MANUAL SUGAR-
CANE HARVESTING USING BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Journal of Agricultural
Safety and Health. 2008, 14(3):309-320.
In many countries, sugar cane harvesting is a very labor-intensive activity in which
workers usually become fatigued after manually cutting the cane for a few hours. They need
frequent pauses for rest, and they experience sustained injuries from excessive stress on the
joints and muscles of the body. The cutting tool and motion involved directly influence the
stresses created. A cutting tool that has not been designed by taking into consideration
occupational biomechanics can lead to unnecessary strains in the body’s muscle system,
resulting in injuries. The purpose of this research was to carry out a pilot study of the impact
of two common manual sugarcane cutting tools and the cutting posture they induce on the
body with the aid of biomechanics. The machete and the cutlass from South Africa and
Guyana, respectively, were examined to determine the cutting forces.
1159. Clermont, O. et al. THE CTX-M-15-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI
DIFFUSING CLONE BELONGS TO A HIGHLY VIRULENT B2 PHYLOGENETIC
SUBGROUP. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008, 61(5):1024-1028.
A clone of CTX-M-15-producing Escherichia coli has recently been reported to be
spreading through Europe and Africa. The aim of this work was to thoroughly characterize
this clone. The CTX-M-15-producing E. coli diffusing clone is associated with a high
level of antibiotic resistance and with high virulence, showing that, under certain selective
pressures, the previously observed trade-off between resistance and virulence may
not apply.
1160. Daly, J., A. Daas, and M. E. Behr-Gross. COLLABORATIVE STUDY FOR
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CANDIDATE EQUINE INFLUENZA SUBTYPE 2
AMERICAN-LIKE STRAIN A/EQ/SOUTH AFRICA/4/03—HORSE ANTISERUM
BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE PREPARATION. Pharmeuropa Bio. 2007, 2007(1):7-14.
In 2004, the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel on
equine influenza recommended that the American lineage component (H3N8) of equine
influenza vaccines (A/eq/Newmarket/1/93-like) be updated to an A/eq/South Africa/4/03like
virus. As a consequence the common European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)-OIE
reference for equine influenza subtype 2 American-like antiserum had to be complemented
by an antiserum raised in horses against an A/eq/South Africa/4/03 strain.
1161. Das, S. et al. CHIKUNGUNYA EPIDEMIC: GLOBAL AND INDIAN SCE-
NARIO. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2007, 39(1):37-43.
Chikungunya is a disease of zoonotic importance affecting man with non-human
primates as a main reservoir. Recently the world has seen its outbreaks in Asia and Africa
affecting large population. The disease has re-emerged after 2 long decades. Other
part of the world reported it as a disease which is introduced through travelers. The known
vectors of Chikungunya are Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and A. albopiticus.
Although the people of rural areas are among more risk groups, the disease spread very