A Current Bibliography on African Affairs - Baywood Publishing

386 / A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS
provide a reliable estimate of stature in cases where intact long bones are not available for
forensic analysis.
1280. Bird, B. H. et al. MULTIPLE VIRUS LINEAGES SHARING RECENT COM-
MON ANCESTRY WERE ASSOCIATED WITH A LARGE RIFT VALLEY FEVER
OUTBREAK AMONG LIVESTOCK IN KENYA DURING 2006-2007. Journal of
Virology. 2008, 82(22):11152-11166.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus historically has caused widespread and extensive
outbreaks of severe human and livestock disease throughout Africa, Madagascar, and the
Arabian Peninsula. Following unusually heavy rainfall during the late autumn of 2006,
reports of human and animal illness consistent with RVF virus infection emerged across
semiarid regions of the Garissa District of northeastern Kenya and southern Somalia. These
findings have implications for further studies of basic RVF virus ecology and the design of
future surveillance/diagnostic activities, and they highlight the critical need for safe and
effective vaccines and antiviral compounds to combat this significant veterinary and public
health threat.
1281. Bisson, G. P. et al. ANTIRETROVIRAL FAILURE DESPITE HIGH LEVELS
OF ADHERENCE: DISCORDANT ADHERENCE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IN
BOTSWANA. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 49(1):107-110.
Although adherence to antiretroviral therapy may be higher in sub-Saharan Africa,
knowledge regarding the magnitude of adherence needed to maintain virological
suppression in this setting is limited. Very high rates of adherence were present in this
setting, yet virological failure occurred nonetheless. Future work should explore other
factors that might explain treatment failure in the setting of high levels of adherence.
1282. Bisson, G. P. et al. PHARMACY REFILL ADHERENCE COMPARED WITH
CD4 COUNT CHANGES FOR MONITORING HIV-INFECTED ADULTS ON ANTI-
RETROVIRAL THERAPY. PLoS Medicine. 2008, 5(5):e109.
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for monitoring HIV-infected individuals
taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in resource-limited settings recommend
using CD4(+) T cell (CD4) count changes to monitor treatment effectiveness. In practice,
however, falling CD4 counts are a consequence, rather than a cause, of virologic failure.
Adherence lapses precede virologic failure and, unlike CD4 counts, data on adherence are
immediately available to all clinics dispensing cART. However, the accuracy of adherence
assessments for predicting future or detecting current virologic failure has not been
determined. The goal of this study therefore was to determine the accuracy of adherence
assessments for predicting and detecting virologic failure and to compare the accuracy of
adherence-based monitoring approaches with approaches monitoring CD4 count changes.
1283. Black, V. et al. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF INITIATING HIGHLY
ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN AN INTEGRATED ANTENATAL AND
HIV CLINIC IN JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndromes. 2008, 49(3):276-281.
We describe the safety and efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in
pregnant women treated in an integrated antiretroviral antenatal clinic (ANC ARV). Within
the ANC ARV program, initiating pregnant women on HAART was feasible, safe, and