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402 / A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS 1345. Ghebremichael, S. et al. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DRUG- RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN SWEDEN. Microbes and Infection. 2008, 10(6): 699-705. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), including the more severe forms of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant forms, is an increasing public health concern globally. In Sweden the majority of patients with TB are immigrants from countries with a high incidence of TB including the drug-resistant forms. In this study, the spread of resistant TB in Sweden was investigated by molecular fingerprinting. Isolates resistant to at least one of the drugs, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin, from 400 patients collected between 1994 and 2005, were studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and by spoligotyping. 1346. Gibney, K. B. et al. ISOLATED CORE ANTIBODY HEPATITIS B IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS. Journal of Medical Virology. 2008, 80(9): 1565-1569. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where prevalence is > or = 8%, and is increasingly seen in African immigrants to developed countries. A retrospective audit of the medical records of 383 immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa attending the infectious diseases clinics at the Royal Melbourne Hospital was performed from 2003 to 2006. Viral co-infection was detected in only 2/131 (1.5%) patients tested for all three viruses. The isolated core antibody HBV pattern was common among sub-Saharan African patients in our study. These patients require assessment for OCHB infection and monitoring for complications of HBV. 1347. Gibson, W. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AFRICAN TRYPANO- SOMIASIS: THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DAVID GEORGE GODFREY OBE TO THE BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRYPANOSOMES. Parasite. 2008, 15(3):233-236. The accurate identification of the causative organisms of disease is fundamental to the study of epidemiology. Hence molecular tools are now widely used to detect and distinguish pathogens, and have greatly improved our understanding of epidemiology. David Godfrey pioneered the use of molecular markers in the epidemiology of African trypanosomiasis, thus enabling the light of reliable evidence to shine on this previously problematic and controversial subject area. These investigations had a major impact on our understanding of the zoonotic nature of human trypanosomiasis in Africa and of the genetic diversity of African trypanosomes. 1348. Gilbert, C. E. et al. PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF FUNCTIONAL LOW VISION IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: RESULTS FROM STANDARDIZED POPULATION SURVEYS IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008, 49(3):877-881. Data on the prevalence and causes of functional low vision (FLV) in adults and children are lacking but are important for planning low-vision services. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and causes of FLV among children recruited in eight population-based prevalence surveys of visual impairment and refractive error from six countries (India [2 locations]; China [2 locations]; Malaysia, Chile, Nepal, and South Africa). More studies are needed to determine the prevalence and causes of FLV in children
VOLUME 42, NUMBER 4—2009-2010 / 403 so that services can be planned that promote independence, improve quality of life, and increase access to education. 1349. Gisselquist, D. DENIALISM UNDERMINES AIDS PREVENTION IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA. International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008, 19(10):649-655. Some denialists, widely reviled, contend that HIV does not cause AIDS. Other denialists, widely respected, contend that HIV transmits so poorly through trace blood exposures that iatrognic infections are rare. This second group of denialists has had a corrosive effect on public health and HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa. Guided by this second group of denialists, no African government has investigated unexplained HIV infections. Denialists have withheld and ignored research findings showing that non-sexual risks account for substantial proportions of HIV infections in Africa. Denialists have promoted invasive procedures for HIV prevention in Africa—injections for sexually transmitted infections, and adult male circumcision—without addressing unreliable sterilization of reused instruments. 1350. Goodman, G., and D. Bercovich. MELANIN DIRECTLY CONVERTS LIGHT FOR VERTEBRATE METABOLIC USE: HEURISTIC THOUGHTS ON BIRDS, ICARUS AND DARK HUMAN SKIN. Medical Hypotheses. 2008, 71(2):190-202. Pigments serve many visually obvious animal functions (e.g. hair, skin, eyes, feathers, scales). One is ‘melanin’, unusual in an absorption across the UV-visual spectrum which is controversial. Any polymer or macro-structure of melanin monomers is ‘melanin’. Its roles derive from complex structural and physical-chemical properties e.g. semiconductor, stable radical, conductor, free radical scavenger, charge-transfer. Clinicians and researchers are well acquainted with melanin in skin and ocular pathologies and now increasingly are with internal, melanized, pathology-associated sites not obviously subject to light radiation (e.g. brain, cochlea). At both types of sites some findings puzzle: positive and negative neuromelanin effects in Parkinsons; unexpected melanocyte action in the cochlea, in deafness; melanin reduces DNA damage, but can promote melanoma; in melanotic cells, mitochondrial number was 83% less, respiration down 30%, but development similar to normal amelanotic cells. 1351. Gosling, J. HIV/AIDS: AN ENCOUNTER WITH DEATH OR A JOURNEY INTO LIFE? The Journal of Analytical Psychology. 2008, 53(2):261-269. This is an account of a panel discussion. It focuses on an encounter with the HIV/Aids virus. Such an encounter may result in a descent into despair, hopelessness and ultimately death, or it may offer the opportunity of possible transformation of consciousness to embrace a life lived productively and meaningfully with a chronic but manageable disease. A picture is provided of the dire situation that exists regarding the HIV/Aids pandemic in South Africa. The HI-virus is compared to a malevolent trickster type energy that uses ingenious means to gain access to the host. It is an impersonal agent seeking only its own survival but if left untreated will ultimately result in the death of the host. 1352. Greenwood, B. M. et al. MALARIA: PROGRESS, PERILS, AND PROSPECTS FOR ERADICATION. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2008, 118(4):1266-1276. There are still approximately 500 million cases of malaria and 1 million deaths from malaria each year. Yet recently, malaria incidence has been dramatically reduced in
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Kamugisha, M. L. et al., 0129 Kanbu
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Mbana, P., 0332 Mbanyana, N., 0428,
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Olbers, J. M., 1193 Oldewage-Theron
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Schroeder, D., 1229 Schulz, D. E.,
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Thera, M. A. et al., 0991 Theron, M
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Vorster, W. et al., 0632 Voss, U.,
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Benzodiazepine, 1451 Besong, Bate,
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[Civil society] war, 0283, 0326, 07
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Dracaena, 0760 Dragonfly, 0711 Drin
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Forced labor, 0067 Foreign aid, 026
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Heteroduplex assay, 0956 Heterosexu
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Keratitis, 1257 Kernel moisture, 00
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Mercenary, 0250 Metabolic syndrome,
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Osteitis, 0624, 1012 Osteoporosis,
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[Psychiatric disorder] nursing, 020
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She-Devil, 1482 Sheep, 1206 Shell m
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Tick, 0412, 0511, 0787 borne diseas
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Yogurt, 1249 Yoruba song, 1133 Youn
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[NORTHEAST AFRICA] Djibouti 0233, 0
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Journal of Urban Health Journal of
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